Gerard van Honthorst

Van Honthorst's contemporaries included Utrecht painters Hendrick ter Brugghen and Dirck van Baburen.

• Name — Gerard van Honthorst • Born — 4 November 1592 • Birthplace — Utrecht, Dutch Republic • Died — 27 April 1656 4 November 1592 • Place of death — Utrecht, Dutch Republic • Education — Abraham Bloemaert • Known for — Painting • Notable Works — The Matchmaker • Movement — Utrecht Caravaggism Classicism • Patrons — Vincenzo Giustiniani

• Illustration — Granida and Daifilo, 1625 • Illustration — The Concert, 1623, National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.) • Illustration — The Matchmaker (1625), showing the use of Carravagesque lighting effects • Illustration — Musical Group on a Balcony (1622) Van Honthorst was born in Utrecht, the son of a decorative painter, and trained under his father, and then under Abraham Bloemaert.

Having completed his education, Honthorst went to Italy, where he is first recorded in 1616. He was one of the artists from Utrecht who went to Rome at around this time, all of whom were to be deeply influenced by the recent art they encountered there. They were named the Utrecht caravaggisti. The other three were Dirk van Baburen, Hendrick ter Bruggen and Jan van Bijlert. In Rome he lodged at the palace of Vincenzo Giustiniani, where he painted Christ Before the High Priest, now in London's National Gallery. Giustiniani had an important art collection, and Honthorst was especially influenced by the contemporary artists, including Caravaggio, Bartolomeo Manfredi and the Carracci. He was particularly known for his depiction of artificially lit scenes. Cardinal Scipione Borghese became another important patron, securing important commissions for him at San Silvestro Della Mariro, Montecompatri, and at Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome. He also worked for Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Honthorst returned to Utrecht in 1620, and went on to build a considerable reputation both in the Dutch Republic and abroad. In 1623, the year of his marriage, he was president of the Guild of St. Luke in Utrecht. He soon became so fashionable that Sir Dudley Carleton, then English envoy at The Hague, recommended his works to Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel. In 1626 Honthorst hosted a dinner for Peter Paul Rubens, and painted him as the honest man sought for and found by Diogenes.

Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia, sister of Charles I of England and Electress Palatine, then in exile in the Netherlands, commissioned Honthorst as a painter and employed him as a drawing-master for her children. Through her he became known to Charles, who invited him to England in 1628. There he painted several portraits, and a vast allegory, now at Hampton Court Palace, of Charles and his queen Henrietta Maria as Diana and Apollo in the clouds receiving the Duke of Buckingham as Mercury and guardian of the King of Bohemia's children. He painted a more intimate group portrait of The Four Eldest Children of the King of Bohemia, (also at Hampton Court) in which the two eldest are depicted as Diana and Apollo. After his return to Utrecht, Honthorst retained the patronage of the English monarch, painting for him, in 1631, a large picture of the king and queen of Bohemia and all their children. At around the same time he painted some pictures illustrating the Odyssey for Lord Dorchester, and some showing incidents of Danish history for Christian IV of Denmark. He also painted a portrait of the King's daughter Leonora Christina Ulfeldt while she was in The Hague. His popularity in the Netherlands was such that he opened a second studio in The Hague, where he painted portraits of members of the court, and taught drawing. These large studios, where the work included making replicas of Honthorst's royal portraits, employed a large number of pupils and assistants; according to one pupil, Joachim von Sandrart, describing his experiences in the mid-1620s, Honthorst would have about 24 students at any one time, each paying 100 guilders a year for their education. His brother Willem van Honthorst (1594–1666) was also a portrait painter. Many of Willem's paintings were previously misattributed to Gerrit due to the similarity of their signatures. Willem was a pupil of Abraham Bloemaert, and was also taught by his own elder brother. In 1646 he went to Berlin, where he became court painter to Louise-Henriette, wife of the Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg. He returned to Utrecht in 1664.

Honthorst is often referred to as "Gherardo delle notti" ("Gerrit of the Nights") by modern Italians. However, the nickname does not actually appear in any known Italian sources dating before Honthorst's death. Surviving Italian documents from before 1656 refer to the artist as either "Gherardo Fiammingo" ("Gerrit the Fleming") or "Gherardo Hollandese" ("Gerrit the Dutchman"), emphasizing his foreignness rather than his trademark skill at rendering nocturnal lighting. It was only in the 18th century that the nickname "Gherardo delle notti" came into widespread use.

• Illustration — St. Peter Being Freed from Prison, 1616–1618, Berlin State Museums • Illustration — Adoration of the Child, 1620 • Illustration — Adoration of the Shepherds 1622, Wallraf-Richartz-Museum • Illustration — Christ before the High Priest, c. 1617, National Gallery, London • Illustration — Mocking of Christ by Gerard van Honthorst • Illustration — The Denial of Saint Peter, c. 1620 • Illustration — King David Playing the Harp • Illustration — The Happy Fiddler, 1623 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam • Illustration — Lute Player, 1624 • Illustration — The Happy Violinist with a Glass of Wine, 1624, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum • Illustration — Woman with guitar 1631, Lviv National Art Gallery • Illustration — Woman Playing the Guitar • Illustration — Man with viola da gamba • Illustration — Merry Company • Illustration — Merry Musician with Violin under His Left Arm • Illustration — Supper with a Lute Player • Illustration — Solon and Croesus • Illustration — Portrait of William II (1626–50), prins of Oranje, and Maria Stuart (1631–60) • Illustration — The Steadfast Philosopher, 1623 Private collection • Illustration — Smiling Girl, a Courtesan, Holding an Obscene Image, 1625 • Illustration — Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, 1650 • Illustration — The soldier and the girl • Illustration — Pendant portrait of Amalia van Solms-Braunfels • Illustration — Margareta Maria de Roodere and Her Parents (c. 1652) Centraal Museum, Utrecht • Illustration — Allegory of Painting (1648) Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, California

The following is established of the heading itself. Institutional cataloguing adds that gerard van Honthorst is recorded as Dutch Republic.