Pierre Soulages
Pierre Jean Louis Germain Soulages (Pèire Solatges; 24 December 1919 – 25 October 2022) was a French painter, printmaker, and sculptor. In 2014, President François Hollande of France described him as "the world's greatest living artist". His works are held by leading museums of the world, and there is a museum dedicated to his art in his hometown of Rodez.
Also recorded as Pierre Jean Louis Soulages
Pierre Soulages

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- Name
- Pierre Soulages
- Birth Name
- Pierre Jean Louis Germain Soulages
- Born
- 24 December 1919
- Birthplace
- Rodez, France
- Died
- 25 October 2022
- Place of death
- Nîmes, France
- Occupation
- Painter
- Awards
- * Carnegie Prize
- Nationality
- France
- Movements
- Informalism · abstract art · School of Paris
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Pierre Jean Louis Germain Soulages (Pèire Solatges; 24 December 1919 – 25 October 2022) was a French painter, printmaker, and sculptor. In 2014, President François Hollande of France described him as "the world's greatest living artist". His works are held by leading museums of the world, and there is a museum dedicated to his art in his hometown of Rodez.
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wikidata · Q708631 · wikipedia · Pierre Soulages
In this article
Biography
Biography
Soulages worked between 1919 and 2022 across painter, copper engraver, sculptor, illustrator and ceramicist and 6 further recorded occupations. Every statement below returns to a source shown in the evidence panel; where the record is silent or divided, the article says so instead of resolving it.
Key facts
Key facts
• Name — Pierre Soulages • Birth Name — Pierre Jean Louis Germain Soulages • Born — 24 December 1919 • Birthplace — Rodez, France • Died — 25 October 2022 • Place of death — Nîmes, France • Occupation — Painter • Awards — * Carnegie Prize • Praemium Imperiale
Early life and family
Early life and family
Soulages was born in Rodez, Aveyron, on 24 December 1919. His father, Amans, was a carriage maker who ran a hunting and fishing shop. He died when Pierre was five years old. Pierre was raised by his older sister Antoinette and their mother, Aglaé Zoé Julie (Corp) Soulages. As a child, he was interested in the area's menhirs, in Celtic carvings in the local museum, and also in the Romanesque architecture of the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques. He dressed in all black, and his mother disliked it.
Early career
Early career
Inspired by the art of Paul Cézanne and Pablo Picasso, Soulages began studies at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts in Paris, but soon dropped out because he was disappointed by the traditional style. After wartime military service, he studied further at the Fine Arts School of Montpellier. He opened a studio in Courbevoie, Paris, painting in "complete abstraction", with black as the dominant colour, and experimenting with walnut oil. His first exhibition was at the Salon des Indépendants in 1947. He also worked as a designer of stage sets. He exhibited at the Venice Biennale in 1954, and in New York City the same year, gaining recognition in the United States. Betty Parsons Gallery showed his work in New York in 1949. In 1950, Leo Castelli organized an exhibition at Sidney Janis. In 1954, Soulages began showing at Samuel Kootz. His works were included in the two major exhibitions of European artists, Younger European Painters at the Solomon R Guggenheim Museum (1953) and The New Decade: 22 European Painters and Sculptors at the Museum of Modern Art (1955) in New York. In 1979, Soulages was made a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Later career
Later career
From 1987 to 1994, he produced 104 stained-glass windows for the Abbey of Sainte-Foy in Conques, prepared by around 700 tests at a small factory near Münster, Germany. A gallerist reflected on the windows in the context of his paintings: Soulages was the first living artist to have been invited to exhibit at the state Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg and later with the Tretyakov Gallery of Moscow (2001). In 2007, the Musée Fabre of Montpellier devoted an entire room to Soulages, presenting a donation he made to the city. It included twenty paintings dating from 1951 to 2006, among which were major works from the 1960s, two large "plus-black" works from the 1970s, and several large polyptychs. A retrospective was held at the Centre National d'Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou from October 2009 to March 2010. In 2010, the Museum of Mexico City presented a retrospective of paintings that also included an interview-video with the artist. In 2014, the Musée Soulages opened in Soulages' hometown of Rodez, as a place to permanently display his works and to house temporary contemporary exhibitions. Soulages and his wife donated 900 works. The paintings represent all stages of his work, from post-war oils to a phase of work he calls Outrenoir. It was the most complete display of work from his first 30 years. Some space in the museum is always reserved for exhibitions of other contemporary artists, as Soulages had wished from the beginning. In 2014, Soulages presented fourteen recent works in his first American exhibition in 10 years, at Dominique Lévy and Galerie Perrotin, New York. In September 2019, the Lévy Gorvy Gallery in New York held a major exhibition ahead of the retrospective at the Louvre Museum in December celebrating his 100th birthday. On 17 November 2021, his Peinture 195 x 130 cm, 4 août 1961, was auctioned for $20.2M, an auction record for the artist.
Personal life
Personal life
While at the Fine Arts School of Montpellier, Soulages met Colette Llaurens (born 1921). They were married on 24 October 1942. The couple had no children. In 2017, they permanently moved to their summer retreat in Sète. Soulages died in Nîmes on 25 October 2022, less than two months before his 103rd birthday, and was survived by his wife. He had marked their 80th wedding anniversary the day before his death.
Life and work
Life and work
Pierre Soulages was born on 24 December 1919 in Rodez. Soulages held the nationality of France. Soulages was educated at Montpellier Fine Arts School. Soulages studied under René Jaudon. Married to: Colette Soulages. Soulages worked as painter, copper engraver, sculptor and illustrator, and the authority record catalogues a further 7 occupations under the same name, among them ceramicist, theatre designer, etcher, printmaker, graphic artist and tapestry weaver. Soulages was active from 1939 to 2022. Soulages worked in Liège, Paris, Courbevoie and Sète. Soulages worked in French. Soulages is placed by the collections within Informalism, abstract art and School of Paris. Soulages died on 25 October 2022 in Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Nîmes. Soulages is buried at Montparnasse Cemetery.
Life and career
Dated record
Life and career
Explore 1919–2022
The full dated record · 12 entries
1919
Pierre Soulages was born on 24 December 1919.
1964
Receives Carnegie Prize.
1978
Receives Officer of the Legion of Honour.
1990
Receives Commander of the Legion of Honour.
1992
Receives Praemium Imperiale.
1999
Receives Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit.
2005
Receives Austrian Decoration for Science and Art.
2011
Receives Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour.
2015
Receives Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.
2020
Receives The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette.
2022
Dies at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Nîmes.
2022
Pierre Soulages died at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Nîmes.
Artistic practice
• Illustration — 17 December 1966 (1966), Honolulu Museum of Art Soulages said, "My instrument is not black but the light reflected from the black." Naming his own practice Outrenoir (Beyond Black), the paintings he produces are known for their endless black depth, created by playing with the light reflected off of the texture of the paint. Knowing that he needed a new term to define the way that he worked, Soulages invented 'Outrenoir' to define his practice; in a 2014 interview he explained the definition of the term, "Outrenoir doesn't exist in English; the closest is "beyond black." In French, you say "outre-Manche," "beyond the Channel," to mean England or "outre-Rhin," "beyond the Rhine," to mean Germany. In other words, "beyond black" is a different country from black." The infatuation Soulages had with black began long before his investigations with 'Outrenoir' at the age of 60. Initially inspired by his interest in the prehistoric and his desire to retreat to something more pure, primal, and deliberately stripped of any other connotations, he explains his fascination with the colour black: "During thousands of years, men went underground, in the absolute black of grottoes, to paint with black." "I made these because I found that the light reflected by the black surface elicits certain emotions in me. These aren't monochromes. The fact that light can come from the colour which is supposedly the absence of light is already quite moving, and it is interesting to see how this happens." Applying the paint in thick layers, Soulages' painting technique includes using objects such as spoons, tiny rakes and bits of rubber to work away at the painting, often making scraping, digging or etching movements depending on whether he wants to evoke a smooth or rough surface. The texture that is then produced either absorbs or rejects light, breaking up the surface of the painting by disrupting the uniformity of the black. He often used bold cuts in vertical and horizontal lines, the crevasses and forms created by using angles and contours. In his recent work from 2013 to 2014, Soulages began to explicitly vary the pigment used in the paint, mixing matte and glossy types of black as well as hardened densities of black pigment. Preferring to suspend the paintings like walls, he uses wires to hang them in the middle of the room, "I always liked paintings to be walls rather than windows. When we see a painting on a wall, it's a window, so I often put my paintings in the middle of the space to make a wall. A window looks outside, but a painting should do the opposite—it should look inside of us". Instead of having titles, Soulages' paintings are uniformly named as "Peinture" (Painting), followed by size and date of production. 17 December 1966 from 1966, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, demonstrates the artist's boldly brushed black-on-white canvases. His works had to be hung without frames in exhibitions.
Publications and monographs
Publications and monographs
Exhibitions of art by Soulages were accompanied by publications including: • Year — Title (publisher or gallery) — Editors and contributors • 2014 — Soulages in America (Dominique Lévy Gallery, New York) — Texts by Philippe Ungar, Harry Cooper, Sean Sweeney, Dominique Lévy • 2011 — Soulages l'oeuvre imprimé (Bibliothèque Nationale de France/ Musée Soulages, Paris) — Edited by Pierre Encrevé, Marie-Cécile Miessner • 2011 — Pierre Soulages (Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin / Hirmer, Munich) — Essays by Hans Belting, Yve-Alain Bois, Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Pacquement, Serge Guilbaut, Bernard de Montferrand, Alain Seban, Joachim Sartorius, Gereon Sievernich, Hans-Ulrich Obrist; edited by Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Paquement • 2010 — Verre cartons des vitraux de Conques (Musée Fabre, Montpellier) — Essays by Pierre Soulages, Jean-Dominique Fleury, Benoît Decron • 2010 — Pierre Soulages (Bernard Jacobson Gallery, London) — Essays by John Yau and Mel Gooding • 2009 — Soulages, le temps du papier. (Cercle d'Art, Paris / Musée d'Art Moderne, Contemporain de Strasbourg) — Text by Michel Ragon, Estelle Pietrzyk, Gilbert Dupuis • 2009 — Soulages (Centre Pompidou, Paris) — Essays by Alain Seban, Alfred Pacquement, Pierre Encrevé, Serge Guilbaut, Yve-Alain Bois, Guitermie Maldonado, Annie Claustres, Harry Cooper, Hans Belting, Isabelle Ewig, Éric de Chassey, Hans Ulrich Obrist; Edited by Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Pacquement • 2007 — Pierre Soulages au Musée Fabre, Parcours d'un accrochage. (Interprint, Montpellier) — Photos by Vincent Cunillère; Essays by Georges Frêche, Michel Hilaire, Emmanuel Nebout, Laurence Javal, Olivier Brochet, Yves Larbiou, Dan McEnroe, Thierry Dieudonnat, Pierre Susini, Claude Cougnenc, Pierre Encrevé • 2006 — Pierre Soulages. Painting the light. (Sammlung Essl, Klosterneuburg / Vienna) — Essays by Karlheinz Essl, Andrea Rygg Karberg • 2001 — Soulages – Lumière du noir (Paris-Musées, Paris) — Essays by Mikhaïl Piotrovsky, Suzanne Pagé, Albert Kosténévitch, Pierre Encrevé, JeanClaude Marcadé; Preface by Vladimir Yakovlev, Bertrand Delanoë, mayor of Paris • 1999 — Pierre Soulages, Célébration de la lumière. (Skira-Le Seuil, Paris / Musée des Beaux-Arts, Berne) — Essays by Sandor Kuthy, Pierre Soulages • 1998 — Soulages, L'oeuvre complet, Peintures III, 1979–1997. (Seuil, Paris) — Text by Pierre Encrevé • 1997 — Pierre Soulages, Malerei als Farbe und Licht, Retrospektive 1946–1997. (Deichtorhallen, Hamburg) — Essays by Zdenek Felix, Robert Fleck, Charles Juliet • 1996 — Soulages, Noir lumière. (Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris) — Essays by Suzanne Pagé, Jean-Louis Andral, Pierre Encrevé, Robert Fleck, Donald Kuspit, William Rubin • 1996 — Soulages (Flammarion, Paris: pp. 87–149) — Interview with the artist by Bernard Ceysson • 1994 — Pierre Soulages: une retrospective (Taipei Fine Arts Museum / National Museum of China, Beijing) — Essays by Huang Kuang-nan, Alfred Pacquement, Jean-Paul Réau, François Marcel Plaisant • 1994 — Les vitraux de Soulages (Seuil, Paris) — Georges Duby, Christian Heck • 1993 — Pierre Soulages: une retrospective (Musée National d'Art Contemporain, Séoul) — Essays by Young-Bang Lim, Alfred Pacquement, Bernard Prague • 1992 — Pierre Soulages, polyptyques 1979–1991 (Maison des Arts Georges Pompidou, Cajarc) — Essays by Pierre Daix, Pierre Encrevé, Claire Stoullig • 1991 — Soulages, peintures récentes (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig, Vienna) — Essays by Lorand Hegyi, Alfred Pacquement • 1990 — Polyptyques (Louvre, Paris) — Text by Isabelle Monod-Fontaine • 1989 — Soulages: 40 jahre Malerei (in German, Fridericianum, Kassel / Cantz Verlag, Stuttgart) — Text by Veit Loers, Bernard Ceysson • 1989 — Soulages: 40 ans de peinture (in French, Musée d'Arts de Nantes) — Essays by Henry-Claude Cousseau, Veit Loers • 1989 — Soulages: 40 anos de pintura (in Spanish, Institut Valencià d'Art Modern) — Essays by Bernard Ceysson, Veit Loers • 1987 — Nous avons visité le Musée d'Orsay avec Pierre Soulages (L'Evénement du Jeudi, Paris: pp. 82–84) — Interview with the artist by Jean-Louis Pradel • 1987 — Pierre Soulages (Musée Saint-Pierre Art Contemporain, Lyon / Hans Thoma-Gesellschaft, Reutlingen) — Essays by Georges Duby, Pierre Encrevé, Henri Meschonnic, Werner Meyer, Thierry Raspail, Clément Rosset • 1984 — Soulages (Seibu Museum of Art, Tokyo) — Essays by Taka Ashido Okada, d'Alfred Pacquement • 1980 — Soulages, peintures récentes (Musee National d´Art Moderne, Paris / Musée du Parc de la Boverie, Liège) — Essays by Pontus Hulten, Alfred Pacquement • 1976 — Soulages (Musée d'Art et d'Industrie, Saint-Etienne: p. 5–32, 42) — Interview with the artist by Bernard Ceysson • 1975 — L'aventure de l'art moderne (1): Pierre Soulages (Galerie Jardin des Arts, Paris: September, p. 150) — Interview with the artist by André Parinaud • 1974 — Soulages, peintures, gravures (Musée Dynamique, Dakar / Fundaçào Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon) — Text by Léopold Sédar Senghor
Writings and published texts
Catalogued output
Writings and published texts
These are catalogued publications carrying the name — editions and printings, distinct from the works they contain and from writing about the subject. The 2000s are the densest part of the run, with 8 titles, and that concentration is a fact about what the registers have catalogued rather than a judgement on the work itself.
The run opens with Soulages: paintings since 1963 and closes with Soulages au Louvre
21 editions carry dates between 1968 and 2019
The entries follow Open Library
Eaux-fortes, lithographies
1974
Victor
1977
Sūrāju ten
1984
Entretien avec pierre Soulages
1990
Lebendiges Licht
1994
Une œuvre de Pierre Soulages
1998
Noir lumiere: entretiens avec Francoise Jaunin
2002
Comment une création artistique contemporaine peut-elle s'insérer dans un monument millénaire en lui étant fidèle, tout en lui apportant du nouveau?
2003
Avec Henri Meschonnic
2003
Koudelka
2006
Paintings, drawings and prints, 1949–2009
Catalogued output
Paintings, drawings and prints, 1949–2009
These are objects catalogued as visual works, each held or recorded by the institution named against it. 49 works carry dates between 1949 and 2009. The 1950s are the densest part of the run, with 28 titles, and that concentration is a fact about what the registers have catalogued rather than a judgement on the work itself. They belong to a run of 54 titles in all, from 1949 to 2009. A selection is set out below and the complete run may be opened beneath it.
The run opens with Painting.1948-49 and closes with Peinture 326 x 181 cm, 14 mars 2009
Painting.1948-49
1949
Composition
1950
July 10, 1950
1950
Untitled
1951
12 Janvier
1952
Painting, 195 x 130 cm, May 1953
1953
Painting, 23 May 1953
1953
Abstraction
1954
3 Avril 1954
1954
Peinture 130 x 89 cm, 6 mars 1955
1955
Peinture 195 x 130 cm, 1955
1955
The complete catalogue · 50
The run opens with Painting.1948-49 and closes with Peinture 326 x 181 cm, 14 mars 2009
Painting.1948-49
1949
Composition
1950
July 10, 1950
1950
Untitled
1951
12 Janvier
1952
Painting, 195 x 130 cm, May 1953
1953
Painting, 23 May 1953
1953
Abstraction
1954
3 Avril 1954
1954
Peinture 130 x 89 cm, 6 mars 1955
1955
Peinture 195 x 130 cm, 1955
1955
3 février 1955
1955
17 March 1955
1955
29 October 1955
1955
Komposition 55/56
1955
Painting, November 20, 1956
1956
Peinture
1956
Painting, 195 x 130 cm, 6 August 1956
1956
4 July 1956
1956
Painting August 1, 1956
1956
15 Août 1956
1956
Peinture 195 x 130 cm, 30 octobre 1957
1957
21 Aout 1957
1957
12 July 1957
1957
12 November 1956
1957
Painting July 7, 1957-1958
1957
Peinture, 3 Novembre 1958 [Paintings, 3 November 1958]
1958
Untitled, 1958
1958
14 April, 1958
1958
17 March 1960
1960
22 August '61
1961
17
1961
3 Mai 61
1961
3 Mai 1962
1962
24 November '63
1963
16
1964
Peinture - 5 février 1964
1964
29 June 1965
1965
7-3-65
1965
June 10, 1965
1965
3 Decembre 1966
1966
13 septembre 1966
1966
Painting, 202 x 143, 6 November 1967
1967
Painting, 4 March, 1976
1976
Painting, 222.0 x 175.0 cm, 23 July 1979
1979
Peinture 130 x 97 cm, 18 septembre 1980
1980
Eau-Forte XXXVIII
1980
Painting, 220 x 324 cm, 19th of January 1995
1995
Peinture 326 x 181 cm, 14 mars 2009
2009
Paintings, drawings and prints without a settled date
Catalogued output
Paintings, drawings and prints without a settled date
5 further works are catalogued under Soulages's name without a date the collections agree on, which is why they are set apart from the dated run rather than placed in it.
6 Juin 1959
Peinture 200 x 265 cm, 20 mai 1959 (Painting 200 x 265 cm, 20 May 1959)
Collections
Collections
Collections of works by Soulages are held by many museums, including: • Centre Georges Pompidou (Paris) • Honolulu Museum of Art • Montreal Museum of Fine Arts • Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris • Musée Soulages (Rodez) • Museum of Modern Art (New York) • Museum of Modern Art (Rio de Janeiro) • National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.) • Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York) • Tate Gallery (London) • Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art
Documents and archives
Primary material
Documents and archives
scholarly publication
- Soulages, Pierre, Benezit Dictionary of Artists, 2011
Scholarly · Crossref registry · 2011
reference work
- “Pierre Soulages”, English Wikipedia, consulted as further reading
Reputable secondary · Wikipedia
authority record
- Wikidata, structured authority record Q708631: Pierre Soulages
Unverified · Wikidata
Honours and awards
Honours and awards
Awards that Soulages received included: • Carnegie Prize (United States, 1964) • Grand Prix for Painting (Paris, 1975) • Rembrandt Award (Germany, 1976) • Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters (1979) • Grand prix national de peinture (France, 1986) • Praemium Imperiale for painting (Japan, 1992) • Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2006) • Prix Julio González (Valencia, 2006) • Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (Paris, 2015) • Grand prix du rayonnement français (France, 2019)
Institutional memberships
Where the work is held
Institutional memberships
Soulages is recorded as a member of American Academy of Arts and Letters, Comité national de l'estampe and Comité des intellectuels pour l'Europe des libertés. Membership is stated by the bodies' own records and is not read here as evidence of office or of any particular role within them.
Honours and awards
Where the work is held
Honours and awards
They run from 1964 to 2020.
10 honours stand against the name
Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres
Carnegie Prize
1964
Officer of the Legion of Honour
1978
Commander of the Legion of Honour
1990
Praemium Imperiale
1992
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit
1999
Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
2005
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour
2011
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
2015
The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette
2020
Authority records
Notes from the source article
Cited by Wikipedia
Notes from the source article
These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
- 1.Schofield, Hugh. The president and the 'greatest living artist' in the world. BBC News. 24 June 2014.
- 2.Christies. Pierre Soulages: Beyond black.
- 3.Pierre Soulages, France's 'Beyond Black' painter, dies at 102. france24.com. 26 October 2022.
- 4.Masters, Christopher. Pierre Soulages obituary. The Guardian. 26 October 2022.
- 5.Grimes, William. Pierre Soulages, Leading French Abstract Painter, Dies at 102. The New York Times. 172. 59589. B12. 26 October 2022. 0362-4331.
- 6.Guggenheim Museum. Pierre Soulages. 2022.
- 7.Stremmler, Kerstin. Pierre Soulages malte in Schwarz und war dennoch der Maler des Lichts. Nun ist der grosse französische Meister der Abstraktion im Alter von 102 Jahren gestorben. Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 26 October 2022.
- 8.Paik, Sherry. Pierre Soulages / Artworks, Exhibitions, Profile & Content. ocula.com. 4 March 2019.
- 9.Soulages – Pierre Soulages et les vitraux de l'abbatiale de Conques – Ina.fr. Soulages.
- 10.Biographie /. www.pierre-soulages.com.
- 11.Artnet, "Pierre Soulages" Retrieved June 2016
- 12.The Museum Musée Soulages, Retrieved June 2016
- 13.Lévy Gorvy. Pierre Soulages. 2019.
- 14.France 24. Ambition still burns in art star Soulages at 99. 4 February 2019.
- 15.Musée Soulages, Rodez Painting, 324 X 362 cm, 1986 (Polyptyque I) Retrieved July 2016
- 16.Ben Davis: Pierre Soulages, Happy to Stay in the Dark Artnet, 19 June 2014, Retrieved July 2016
- 17.Zoe Stillpass (photography: Patrick Demarchelier): Pierre Soulages Interview Magazine, 5 August 2014, Retrieved July 2016
- 18.Jean-Max Albert, Pierre Soulages, Mouvement sans emplacement, Opus International, n°57, 1975.
- 19.Claire Rosemberg: Black is the new black for Pierre Soulages, France's best known living artist, The Telegraph (online), 14 October 2009, Retrieved July 2016
- 20.Robert C. Morgan: Pierre Soulages: Painter of Black and Light Hyperallergic (online), 14 May 2014, Retrieved July 2016
- 21.Honolulu Museum of Art, wall label, 17 December 1966, accession 4400.1
- 22.Laporte, Arnaud. Rencontre: Pierre Soulages, portrait de l'artiste en jeune homme. Vanity Fair. 21 November 2019.
- 23.Nina Siegal (29 November 2019), Black Is Still the Only Color for Pierre Soulages New York Times.
- 24.Noce, Vincent. Pierre Soulages, who found infinite possibility in black abstract paintings, has died, aged 102. The Art Newspaper. 26 October 2022.
- 25.Le peintre Pierre Soulages est mort à Nîmes à l'âge de 102 ans. midilibre.fr.
- 26.Le Monde. Le peintre Pierre Soulages est mort. 26 October 2022.
- 27.Lévy Gorvy. Pierre Soulages.
- 28.L'œuvre Peinture 324 x 362 cm, 1985 – Centre Pompidou.
- 29.Soulages, Pierre. Painting, 222 x 157 cm. Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. 24 August 1979.
- 30.MoMA. Pierre Soulages French, 1919–2022. 2022.
- 31.National Gallery of Art. Pierre Soulages.
- 32.Adamson, Natalie. Pierre Soulages, the Nouvelle École de Paris, and Painting 202 x 143 cm, 6 November 1967. Art Journal. 41. 4 June 2014.
- 33.Reply to a parliamentary question. 1712.
- 34.A 96 ans, Pierre Soulages fait Grand'Croix dans l'ordre de la Légion d'Honneur. France 3 Occitanie. 7 June 2016.
- 35.Pierre Soulages reçoit le Grand Prix du rayonnement français. Midi Libre. 1 October 2019.
References
Citations
References
Each reference names the institution holding it, so a reader may go to the document itself.
scholarly publication
Soulages, Pierre, Benezit Dictionary of Artists, 2011Crossref registry
Verifiedreference work
Partially resolvedauthority record
Unverified
The Encyclopedia exists whether or not anything is for sale. Corrections are recorded rather than overwritten, and every version of this record is kept. Published 14 August 2026.
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