Joseph Malègue

His first novel is, following the French historian of spirituality Émile Goichot, the most accurately linked to Modernism. Pope Francis quoted in several circumstances, among them in El Jesuita this Malègue's view about Incarnation: ‘’ It is not Christ who is incomprehensible for me if He is God, it is God who is strange for me if He is not Christ.‘’

• Name — Joseph Malègue • Born — 8 December 1876 • Birthplace — La Tour d'Auvergne, Auvergne • Died — 30 December 1940 • Place of death — Nantes • Occupation — Writer • Period — 20th century • Genre — Novel

• Illustration — Malègue's Doctoral thesis in social economics about the casual work and unemployment by the English dockers Malègue twice took the entrance examination for the École Normale Supérieure, in 1900 and 1901. His failure may have been due to poor health. Between 1902 and 1912, during several stays in England, he wrote a doctoral thesis about the high unemployment among casually employed English dockers: Malègue worked principally with Charles Gide. This was published in 1913 as Une forme spéciale de chômage: le travail casuel dans les ports anglais. In January 1912, during one such stay, he found the whole name of Augustin Méridier, the principal character in Augustin ou le Maître est là. The first handwritten pages of the book date from that month. During the First World War, once more because of his poor health, he was only able to work in an infirmary, despite his repeated attempts to enlist in a fighting unit. In 1917 he worked in the International Commission for relief in London. From 1922 until 1927, he taught at the École Normale, educating teachers for elementary schools of Savenay. In 1923 he married Yvonne Pouzin, a doctor of medicine, and they lived together in Nantes. Malègue's novel Augustin ou le Maître est là was finished in 1930. The French philosopher Jacques Chevalier, a friend of Malègue, tried unsuccessfully to persuade Plon to publish the work, and in the end Malègue was forced to pay the publisher Spes for the production of the first 3,000 copies. This roman fluvial or roman fleuve of 900 pages immediately had a great success following the French literary critic Claude Barthe. Most French, Belgian, Walloon, and Swiss critics favoured the new novelist and his work, as did the most important literary critics of other countries in Europe, both Catholic and Protestant. Spes printed 10,000 copies at the end of 1933, 9,000 in June 1935, 6,000 in March 1940, and there were further large editions. Malègue was named the Catholic Proust by many French and Walloon literary critics, including Jacques Madaule and Léopold Levaux. He received many letters and among them communications from Paul Claudel, Henri Bergson, and Maurice Blondel. With this philosopher, he engaged in a philosophical correspondence, which has been studied by Geneviève Mosseray. He published Pénombres in 1939. In 1940, he was found to be suffering from stomach cancer and died in December that year. Despite all his efforts, he was unable to finish Pierres noires. Les classes moyennes du Salut. Father interviewing the pope thinks the pope is referring to this second novel but the pope speaks about holy middle class in order to say that each christian is able to become a saint. And it is also the Malègue's opinion when he writes about holy middle class in Augustin ou Le Maître est là. Following the sources, it is Father Spadaro who made an error, in his footnote at this place. Malègue used the words Salvation middle classes in the title of his second novel. And therefore, Malègue doesn't mean authentic holy people. The way he means the same idea as that the pope is (in Augustin ou Le Maître est là): la sainteté ordinaire (banal holiness). Salvation middle class means the mediocre existence of many Christians who are in favour of the established order which would not bother those who are searching for earthly happiness, to be followed without obstacle by heavenly happiness. This novel, which was more ambitious (almost 1,000 pages already written for the two first parts of the book and there would have been a third part, the most important), was published in 1958 after Malègue's death.

Since Pope Francis quoted Malègue, a little part of the French public are more aware of his importance, which is the one of a great writer; the press has started reporting on him. The great Malègue's novel Augustin ou Le Maître est là was published for the last time in 1966. In January 2014, the great publishing house, Éditions du Cerf republished the novel, which was the first time Malègue's work was published by a major prestigious publishing house. • Illustration — The incredulity of St Thomas (Caravaggio, front page of Augustin ou Le Maître est là in 2014

• Une forme spéciale de chômage: le travail casuel dans les ports anglais, Rousseau, Paris, 1913. • Augustin ou le Maître est là, roman, Spes, Paris 1933. • (German translation Augustin by Edwin Maria Landau, Benziger, Einsideln, 1956 and Italien translation, Agostino Méridier Società Editrice Internazionale, Torino, 1960. At that time, no English translation) • Pénombres, glanes et approches théologiques, essai, Spes, Paris, 1939 • Pierres noires. Les classes moyennes du Salut, roman, Spes, Paris,1958 • Sous la meule de Dieu et autres contes, Spes, Paris, 1965