Harold Norse

• Name — Harold Norse • Born — 6 July 1916 • Birthplace — New York City, U.S. • Died — 8 June 2009 • Place of death — San Francisco, California, U.S. • Education — New York University

Born Harold Rosen to an unmarried Lithuanian Jewish immigrant in Brooklyn. When his mother married, the family took the last name Albaum. Harold's stepfather was abusive. In the early 1950s, Harold came up with his new last name, Norse, by rearranging the letters in Rosen. Norse received his B.A. from Brooklyn College in 1938, where he edited the literary magazine. He had planned to continue his education towards a PhD, but as his writing received recognition from others, he pursued a writing career instead.

Norse met Chester Kallman in 1938, and then became a part of W. H. Auden's "inner circle" when Auden moved to the U.S. in 1939. (Kallman and Auden later became lifelong partners.) However, Norse soon found himself allied with William Carlos Williams, who rated Norse the 'best poet of [his] generation.' Norse saw Williams as a father figure who provided mentorship as Norse began to publish poetry. Inspired by Williams, Norse broke with traditional verse forms and embraced a more direct, conversational language. For the rest of his career, Norse's style continued to rely on everyday American speech, and he frequently explored themes of travel, identity, and sexuality in his poetry. One reviewer described Norse as "beat before the Beats, hip before the hippies, and out of the closet long before gay liberation." Soon Norse was publishing in Poetry, The Saturday Review and The Paris Review. He got his master's degree in literature from New York University in 1951. His first book of poems, The Undersea Mountain, was published in 1953. Norse became frustrated with the style of poetry written in New York, which was dominated by T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. From 1954 to 1959 Norse lived and wrote in Italy. He translated the sonnets of Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli during this time, publishing them in a manuscript prefaced by Williams Carlos Williams and Alberto Moravia. He penned the experimental cut-up novel Beat Hotel in 1960 while living in Paris with William S. Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso from 1959 to 1963. The novel was not published until 1973, when it received a first print run in German, although it was eventually printed over 30 times in English. At the Beat Hotel, Norse was inspired by the cut-up writing style to create astral ink paintings by soaking Bristol paper in a bidet: he titled these works cosmographs. Norse then traveled to Tangier, where he stayed with Jane and Paul Bowles. Norse published his first work via a mainstream publisher during this time: The Dancing Beasts. During the 1960s, Norse published with small-press magazines of the Mimeo Revolution like Residu and Olé. Returning to America in 1968, Norse arrived in Venice, California, near Charles Bukowski. Norse mentored Bukowski, and the pair corresponded for two decades. Norse was included in the Penguin Modern Poets series in 1969, and he asked that Charles Bukowski and Philip Lamantia be included in the work as well. Norse moved to San Francisco in 1972 and lived in the Mission District of San Francisco for the last 35 years of his life. His 1974 work, Hotel Nirvana, received critical praise and was nominated for a National Book Award, and 1977 is when he published his landmark work, Carnivorous Saint. Norse and Bukowski contributed straight-oriented erotica to Hustler during the late 1970s, and Norse later said this work was how he earned his living during that time. Norse became a mentor to writer Neeli Cherkovski while in San Francisco. Norse wanted to publish works in his later life to establish his literary legacy for a wider public. He worked on a manuscript publishing his correspondence with Bukowski, which he saw as a way to capitalize on Bukowski's popularity and introduce his own works to a wider audience. Norse saw his strengths as teaching and writing. He continued to read his poetry publicly into his 90s.

Norse is a two-time NEA grant recipient. He has earned a lifetime achievement award from the National Poetry Association. During his later life, many scholars considered him under-appreciated as one of the greatest living American poets. The writers of Harold Norse: Poet Maverick, Gay Laureate, believe that his independence and identity, especially his queerness, made him too much of an outsider to receive popular recognition for his contributions to Beat poetry.

Memoirs of a Bastard Angel: A Fifty-Year Literary and Erotic Odyssey traces Norse's life and literary career, detailing his encounters with many artists. Many of the stories detail sexual encounters. He shares stories about Auden, Christopher Isherwood, E. E. Cummings, Tennessee Williams, William Carlos Williams, James Baldwin, Dylan Thomas, William Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Paul Bowles, Charles Bukowski, Robert Graves and Anaïs Nin. The title came from a discovery about his family history, when one of his aunts told him that his biological father, who had not been married to his mother when Norse was born, was German-American. With Carnivorous Saint: Gay Poems 1941–1976 Norse became a leading gay liberation poet. The collection included decades of his poetry, all serving to celebrate homosexuality and fight back against its attackers. His collected poems, In the Hub of the Fiery Force, appeared in 2003.

Norse was gay and his poetry reflected his sexuality. His first childhood crush on a boy was reciprocated, and they had an encounter on a hike, but Norse stopped it because he was worried about being bullied and labeled a "fairy". He had his first sexual encounter when he was 21. Norse's first relationship with a man was with one of his professors. He later described the "triangle" between him, Chester Kallman, and W. H. Auden, and how the younger men approached Auden, but Norse eventually did not want to be in a relationship with a much older man. Norse said that many of his interactions with famous writers were shaped by their sexual desire. Norse and Tennessee Williams were roommates in Provincetown while Williams wrote The Glass Menagerie. Norse felt a strong affinity to two earlier poets with Brooklyn connections: Walt Whitman and Hart Crane. Norse spent time in many countries, including the U.S., England, Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Spain, and Morocco. In 1996, Norse had a heart attack and underwent quadruple bypass surgery. He largely worked from his house afterwards. Norse died in a long-term care home in San Francisco in 2009. A nurse reported his last words as: "the end is the beginning."

• New Directions 13, ed. James Laughlin, 1951 • Mentor, New American Library, 1958 • City Lights Journal, ed. L. Ferlinghetti, #1, 1963 • Best Poems of 1968: Borestone Mountain Poetry Awards, ed. Hildegarde Flanner, 1969 • City Lights Anthology, ed. Ferlinghetti, City Lights 1974 • A Geography of Poets, ed. Edward Field, Bantam 1979 • The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, ed. Stephen Coote, Penguin 1983 • Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time: An Anthology, ed. Carl Morse and Joan Larkin, St. Martin's Press, 1988 • An Ear to the Ground, ed. Harris & Aguero, University of Chicago Press, 1989 • Big Sky Mind: Buddhism & the Beat Generation, ed. Carole Tonkinson, Riverhead Books, NY, 1995 • City Lights Pocket Poets Anthology, City Lights, 1995 • The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry, ed. Alan Kaufman and S.A. Griffin, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1999 • Beat Poets, ed. Caremla Ciuraru, Knopf, 2002

• The Harold Norse Papers (1934–1980, 8,000 items) are archived at the Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington. • Harold Norse, James Baldwin, Anais Nin, William S. Burroughs, William Carlos Williams, Paul Carroll, Jack Hirschman, "Harold Norse Special Issue", Olé, No. 5 (Bensenville, IL: Open Skull Press, n.d., 1966?)