Cincinnati

Cincinnati serves as the economic and cultural hub of the tri-state Cincinnati metropolitan area, Ohio's most populous metropolitan area and the nation's 30th-largest, at over 2.3 million residents. Throughout much of the 19th century, Cincinnati was among the top 10 U.S. cities by population. The city developed as an inland port for cargo shipping by steamboats, located at the crossroads of the Northern and Southern United States. Although it had fewer immigrants and thus less influence from Europe than major East Coast cities in the same period, it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants, who founded many of the city's cultural institutions. It later developed an industrialized economy in manufacturing. Many structures in the urban core have remained intact for 200 years; in the late 19th century, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as the "Paris of America" due mainly to ambitious architectural projects such as Cincinnati Music Hall, the Cincinnatian Hotel, and the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge. Greater Cincinnati has the 28th-largest economy in the U.S. and the fifth-largest in the Midwest, and is home to Fortune 500 companies Kroger, Procter & Gamble, GE Aerospace, Western & Southern, Fifth Third Bank, Cincinnati Financial, Cintas, and American Financial Group. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit is based in the city. Institutions of higher education in Cincinnati include Xavier University and the University of Cincinnati, which is among the largest universities in the country by enrollment. The city's major league professional sports teams include the Cincinnati Bengals (NFL), Cincinnati Reds (MLB), and FC Cincinnati (MLS).

• Type — City • Blank Emblem Type — Logo • Nicknames — Cincy, The Queen City, Paris of America, and others • Motto — Juncta Juvant (Latin) "Strength in Unity" • Subdivision Type — Country • Subdivision Name — United States • Subdivision Type1 — State • Subdivision Name1 — Ohio • Subdivision Type2 — County • Subdivision Name2 — Hamilton • Established Title — Settled • Established Title2 — Incorporated (town) • Established Title3 — Incorporated (city) • Named For — Society of the Cincinnati and Cincinnatus • Government Type — Mayor–council • Leader Title — Mayor • Leader Name — Aftab Pureval • Leader Party — D • Leader Title1 — City manager • Leader Name1 — Sheryl Long • Governing Body — Cincinnati City Council • Unit Pref — Imperial • Area Total Sq Mi — 79.64 • Area Total Km2 — 206.26 • Area Land Sq Mi — 77.91 • Area Land Km2 — 201.80 • Area Water Sq Mi — 1.72 • Area Water Km2 — 4.46 • Area Metro Sq Mi — 4,808 • Area Metro Km2 — 12,450 • Elevation Ft — 742 • Elevation Max Point — Mount Airy • Population Total — 309317 • Population As Of — 2020 • Population Density Sq Mi — 3969.98 • Population Density Km2 — 1532.81 • Population Urban — 1,686,744 (US: 33rd) • Population Density Urban Km2 — 865.7 • Population Density Urban Sq Mi — 2,242.2 • Population Est — 314367 • Pop Est As Of — 2025 • Population Metro — 2,265,051 (US: 30th) • Population Rank — US: 66th • Population Blank1 Title — Demonym • Population Blank1 — Cincinnatian • Demographics Type1 — GDP • Demographics1 Title1 — Metro • Demographics1 Info1 — $160.108 billion (2023) • Demographics1 Title2 — Per capita • Demographics1 Info2 — $70,686 (2023) • Postal Code Type — ZIP Codes • Area Code — 513 and 283 • Area Code Type — Area code • Time Zone — EST • Utc Offset — −5 • Time Zone Dst — EDT • Utc Offset Dst — −4 • Custom Label Sec1 — FIPS code • Custom Data Sec1 — 39-15000 • Custom Label1 Sec1 — GNIS feature ID • Custom Data1 Sec1 — 1086201 • Website — cincinnati-oh.gov

Two years after the founding of the settlement then known as "Losantiville", Arthur St. Clair, the governor of the Northwest Territory, changed its name to "Cincinnati", possibly at the suggestion of the surveyor Israel Ludlow. The name was chosen in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, made up of Continental Army officers of the Revolutionary War, of which St. Clair was then president. The society, in turn, was named for Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, a dictator of the early Roman Republic who saved Rome from a crisis and then retired to farming because he did not want to remain in power, becoming a symbol of Roman civic virtue. Cincinnati has many nicknames, including Cincy (or Cinci), the Queen City or Queen City of the West, the Blue Chip City, the City of Seven Hills, and Porkopolis. The traditional Queen City nickname is taken from an 1819 newspaper article and further immortalized by the 1854 poem "Catawba Wine". In it, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote of the city: And this Song of the Vine, This greeting of mine, The winds and the birds shall deliver, To the Queen of the West, In her garlands dressed, On the banks of the Beautiful River. For many years, Cincinnati was known as "Porkopolis" after the prominence of the pork processing and sales industry in the city. In 1988, the city built a park, Bicentennial Commons, to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the city's founding and commissioned British artist Andrew Leicester to create a sculpture for the entrance. Leicester came up with four steamboat smokestacks, a nod to the city's riverboat history, each topped with a winged pig. Initial reaction was derision, but the city soon embraced the "Flying Pigs"; the city's Flying Pig Marathon was named after them, and the city's Big Pig Gig inspired by them. The city has used it as a symbol and a brand. One nickname, the City of Seven Hills, stems from the June 1853 edition of the West American Review, "Article III—Cincinnati: Its Relations to the West and South", which described and named seven specific hills. The hills form a crescent around the city: Mount Adams, Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, Vine Street Hill, College Hill, Fairmont (now rendered Fairmount), and Mount Harrison (now known as Price Hill). The name refers to the Seven hills of Rome. Newer nicknames such as "The 'Nati" are emerging and are attempted to be used in different cultural contexts. For example, the local Keep America Beautiful affiliate, Keep Cincinnati Beautiful, introduced the catchphrase "Don't Trash the 'Nati" in 1998 as part of a litter-prevention campaign.

• Illustration — Cincinnati as depicted in 1812 with a population of 2,000. Cincinnati was founded in 1788, when Mathias Denman, Colonel Robert Patterson, and Israel Ludlow landed at a spot at the northern bank of the Ohio opposite the mouth of the Licking River and decided to settle there. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it "Losantiville", a combination of syllables drawn from French and Latin words, intended to mean "town opposite the mouth of the Licking". On January 4, 1790, St. Clair changed the name of the settlement to honor the Society of the Cincinnati. In 1811, the introduction of steamboats on the Ohio River opened up the city's trade to more rapid shipping, and the city established commercial ties with St. Louis, Missouri, and New Orleans downriver. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city on March 1, 1819. Exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830, the city's population nearly tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21, 1825, when it was called the Miami Canal, related to its origin at the Great Miami River. The first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown; by 1840, it had reached Toledo on Lake Erie. Railroads were the next major form of commercial transportation to come to Cincinnati. In 1836, the Little Miami Railroad was chartered. Construction began soon after, to connect Cincinnati with the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, and provide access to the ports of the Sandusky Bay on Lake Erie. Residents of Cincinnati played a major role in abolitionism. Many fugitive slaves used the Ohio River at Cincinnati to escape to the North. Cincinnati had numerous stations on the Underground Railroad, but there were also runaway slave catchers active in the city, who put escaping slaves at risk of recapture. Given its southern Ohio location, Cincinnati had also attracted settlers from the Upper South who traveled along the Ohio River into the territory. Tensions between abolitionists and supporters of slavery broke out in repeated violence, with whites attacking black people in 1829 in a wave of destruction that resulted in 1,200 black people leaving for Canada. The riot and its refugees became topics of discussion throughout the country, and black people organized the first Negro Convention in 1830 in Philadelphia to discuss these events. White riots against black people took place again in Cincinnati in 1836 and in 1842. In 1836 a mob of 700 pro-slavery men attacked black neighborhoods and a press run by James M. Birney, publisher of the anti-slavery weekly The Philanthropist. Tensions increased after congressional passage in 1850 of the Fugitive Slave Act, which required cooperation by citizens in free states and increased penalties for failing to try to recapture escaped slaves. Abolitionist Levi Coffin made the Cincinnati area the center of his anti-slavery efforts in 1847. Harriet Beecher Stowe lived in Cincinnati for a time, where she met escaped slaves and used their stories as a basis for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), which was crucial in galvanizing public support for the abolitionist cause. The city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration from Ireland and Germany in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the next two decades, reaching 115,000 people by 1850. During this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City.

• Illustration — Cincinnati in 1841 with the Miami and Erie Canal in the foreground Cincinnati's location, on the border between the free state of Ohio and the slave state of Kentucky, made it a prominent location for slaves to escape the South. Many prominent abolitionists also called Cincinnati their home during this period, and made it a popular stop on the Underground Railroad. In 2004, the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center was completed along Freedom Way in downtown Cincinnati, honoring the city's involvement in the Underground Railroad. In 1859, Cincinnati laid out six horsecar lines. By 1872, Cincinnatians could travel on the streetcars within the city and transfer to rail cars for travel to the hill communities. The Cincinnati Inclined Plane Company began transporting people to the top of Mount Auburn via funicular that year. In 1889, the Cincinnati streetcar system began converting its horse-drawn cars to electric streetcars. The Second Annual Meeting of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union was held in Cincinnati in November 1875. In 1880, the city government completed the Cincinnati Southern Railway to Chattanooga, Tennessee. It was the only municipally owned interstate railway in the United States until its sale to Norfolk Southern in March 2024. In 1884, outrage over a manslaughter verdict in what many observers thought was a clear case of murder triggered the Courthouse riots, one of the most destructive riots in American history. Over the course of three days, 56 people were killed and over 300 were injured. The riots ended the dominance of Republican political boss Thomas C. Campbell.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Cincinnati had a population of 325,902. The city completed many ambitious projects in the 20th century, starting with the Ingalls Building, which was completed in 1903. An early rejuvenation of downtown began into the 1920s and continued into the next decade with the construction of Cincinnati Union Terminal, the United States Courthouse and Post Office, and the Carew Tower, which was the city's tallest building upon its completion. A subway system was planned but abandoned fairly early in its delayed construction due to shortages caused by World War I, escalating costs, and the onset of the Great Depression. Cincinnati managed through the Depression better than most American cities of its size, largely due to a resurgence in river trade, which was less expensive than transporting goods by rail. The Ohio River flood of 1937 was one of the worst in the nation's history and destroyed many areas along the Ohio valley. Afterward the city built protective flood walls. After World War II, Cincinnati unveiled a master plan for urban renewal that resulted in modernization of the inner city. During the 1950s, Cincinnati's population peaked at 509,998. Since the 1950s, $250 million has been spent on improving neighborhoods, building low- and moderate-income housing, providing jobs, and stimulating economic growth. Predominantly white, working-class families who constituted the urban core during the European immigration boom in the 19th and early 20th centuries quickly moved to newly constructed suburbs before and after World War II. Black people, fleeing the oppression of the Jim Crow South in hopes of better socioeconomic opportunity, had moved to these older city neighborhoods in their Great Migration to the industrial North. The downturn in industry in the late 20th century caused a loss of many jobs, leaving many people in poverty and homeless. The Avondale riot of 1967 followed years of police abuse and deteriorating living conditions in the poor black community of Avondale. The riots followed the disputed June 1967 conviction of Posteal Laskey Jr., accused of being the Cincinnati Strangler. Crowds filled the streets and threw bottles and firebombs at businesses. The Avondale riot of 1968 broke out after the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in April. A mob smashed store windows and looted the stores or burned the merchandise. One person died and 404 were arrested following the 1967 riot. Two people were killed, at least 220 injured and 260 arrested during the 1968 riot. Later in 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson's Commission on Civil Disorders issued a report that blamed the riots on the poverty of the segregated neighborhoods in Cincinnati and the practice of police officers in "stopping Negroes on foot or in cars without obvious basis" and using loitering laws disproportionately against minorities.

• Illustration — Carew Tower, the city's second-tallest building, and The Genius of Water, a symbol of Cincinnati Paycor Stadium (home of the Cincinnati Bengals) opened in 2000, and Great American Ball Park (home of the Cincinnati Reds) opened in 2003, both funded by a sales tax increase in Hamilton County passed in 1996. In April 2001, race riots occurred in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood after police fatally shot a young unarmed black man, Timothy Thomas, during a foot pursuit to arrest him, mostly for outstanding traffic warrants. After the 2001 riots, the American Civil Liberties Union, Cincinnati Black United Front, the city and its police union agreed upon a more community-oriented policing strategy. The agreement has been used as a model across the country for building law enforcement-based relationships between local communities and police. Subsequently, substantial transformations unfolded, particularly the gentrification of Over-the-Rhine. In 2015, unarmed black motorist Samuel DuBose was fatally shot by white University of Cincinnati police officer Ray Tensing after a routine traffic stop. The resulting legal proceedings in late 2016 became a recurring focus of national news media. Several protests involving the Black Lives Matter movement were carried out. In 2018, Major League Soccer announced the inclusion of FC Cincinnati, becoming the city's third professional sports team. TQL Stadium, located on Cincinnati's west end, was subsequently constructed and opened its doors in 2021. The 2020 census revealed that Cincinnati had witnessed population growth for the first time since the 1950 census. In 2022, Aftab Pureval assumed office as the 70th mayor of Cincinnati and became the city's first Asian-American mayor.

• Illustration — The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge opened in 1867 and spans the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Covington, Kentucky. Cincinnati is midway by river between the cities of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Cairo, Illinois. The downtown lies near the mouth of the Licking River, a confluence where the first settlement occurred. Greater Cincinnati spans southern Ohio, southeastern Indiana, and northern Kentucky; the United States Census Bureau has measured the city proper at 79.54 sqmi, of which 77.94 sqmi are land and 1.60 sqmi are water. The city spreads over a number of hills, bluffs, and low ridges overlooking the Ohio in the Bluegrass region of the country. The tristate is geographically located within the Midwest at the far northern extremity of the Upland South. The city is undergoing significant changes due to new development and private investment. This includes buildings of the long-stalled Banks project that includes apartments, retail, restaurants, and offices, which will stretch from Great American Ball Park to Paycor Stadium. Phase 1A is already complete and 100 percent occupied as of early 2013. Smale Riverfront Park is being developed along with The Banks, and is Cincinnati's newest park. Nearly $3.5 billion have been invested in the urban core of Cincinnati (including Northern Kentucky). Much of this development has been undertaken by 3CDC. The Cincinnati Bell Connector began in September 2016. Three municipalities are enclaves of the city: Norwood, Elmwood Place, and Saint Bernard. Norwood is a business and industrial city, while Elmwood Place and Saint Bernard are small, primarily residential, villages. Cincinnati does not have an exclave, but the city government does own several properties outside the corporation limits: French Park in Amberley Village and the disused runway at the former Blue Ash Airport in Blue Ash.

Cincinnati has many landmarks across its area. Some of these landmarks are recognized nationwide, others are more recognized among locals. These landmarks include Cincinnati Union Terminal, Carew Tower, Queen City Square, Fountain Square, Washington Park, and Great American Ball Park. Cincinnati is home to numerous structures that are noteworthy due to their architectural characteristics or historic associations, including the aforementioned Carew Tower, the Scripps Center, the Ingalls Building, Cincinnati Union Terminal, and the Isaac M. Wise Temple. Queen City Square opened in January 2011. The building is the tallest in Cincinnati and the third tallest in Ohio, reaching a height of 665 ft. Since April 1, 1922, the Ohio flood stage at Cincinnati has officially been set at 52 ft, as measured from the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge. At this depth, the pumping station at the mouth of Mill Creek is activated. From 1873 to 1898, the flood stage was 45 ft. From 1899 to March 31, 1922, it was 50 ft. The Ohio reached its lowest level, less than 2 ft, in 1881; conversely, its all-time high water mark is 79 ft, having crested January 26, 1937. Parts of Cincinnati flood at different points: Riverbend Music Center in the California neighborhood floods at 42 ft, while Sayler Park floods at 71 ft and the Freeman Avenue flood gate closes at 75 ft. Frequent flooding has hampered the growth of Cincinnati's municipal airport at Lunken Field and the Coney Island amusement park. Downtown Cincinnati is protected from flooding by the Serpentine Wall at Yeatman's Cove and another flood wall built into Fort Washington Way. Parts of Cincinnati also experience flooding from the Little Miami River and Mill Creek. • Illustration — Cathedral Basilica of St. Peter in Chains (1845) • Illustration — Isaac M. Wise Temple (1866) • Illustration — Cincinnati City Hall (1893) • Illustration — Equestrian statue of William Henry Harrison (1896) • Illustration — Fourth and Vine Tower (1913) • Illustration — Cincinnati Union Terminal (1933) • Illustration — Contemporary Arts Center (2003) • Illustration — Queen City Square (2011)

• Illustration — Neighborhoods of Cincinnati Cincinnati consists of fifty-two neighborhoods. Many of these neighborhoods were once villages that have been annexed by the city, with many retaining their former names, such as Walnut Hills and Mount Auburn. Westwood is the city's most populous neighborhood, with other significant neighborhoods including CUF (home to the University of Cincinnati) and Price Hill. Downtown Cincinnati is the city's central business district and contains a number of neighborhoods in the flat land between the Ohio River and uptown. These neighborhoods include Over-the-Rhine, Pendleton, Queensgate, and West End. Over-the-Rhine is among the largest, most intact urban historic districts in the United States. Most of Over-the-Rhine's ornate brick buildings were built by German immigrants from 1865 to the 1880s. The neighborhood has been intensely redeveloped in the 21st century, with a focus on fostering small businesses.

Cincinnati, Ohio (CVG) Cincinnati, Ohio (LUK) Cincinnati is at the southern limit (considering the 0 C isotherm) of the humid continental climate zone (Köppen: Dfa), bordering the humid subtropical climate zone (Cfa). Given that Cincinnati lies on the southern edge of the Midwest, the city tends to have a longer growing season and shorter, milder winters than most other major midwestern cities. Summers are hot and humid, with significant rainfall in each month. Highs reach 90 °F or above on an average 27 days per year, often with high dew points and humidity. July is the warmest month, with a daily average temperature of 75.9 °F. Winters are moderately cold with intermittent mild periods, with January, the coldest month, having an average high of 40.6 °F and an average low of 23.6 °F. Lows reach 0 °F on an average 1.5 nights yearly. Winter typically brings a mix of rain, sleet, and snow, with light to moderate snowfall occurring sporadically throughout the season. Most days of snowfall in Cincinnati result in less than an inch of accumulation left on the ground. On seven days a year on average, the amount of new snow totals at least an inch or greater. Snowstorms of over five inches a day are rarer events that don't appear every winter. An average winter will see around 23.3 in of snowfall. While snow in Cincinnati is not as intense as many of the cities located closer to the Great Lakes, there have been notable cases of severe snowfall, including the Great Blizzard of 1978, and more notable snowstorms in 1994, 1999, 2007, 2021, 2025, and 2026. Severe thunderstorms are common in the warmer months. Tornadoes, while infrequent, are not unknown, with such events striking the Metro Cincinnati area most recently in 1974, 1999, 2012, and 2017. Extremes range from −25 °F on January 18, 1977, up to 108 °F on July 21 and 22, 1934.

• Demographic profile — 2020 — 2010 — 2000 — 1990 — 1970 — 1950 • White — 50.3% — 48.2% — 53.0% — 60.5% — 71.9% — 84.4% • —Non-Hispanic — 48.2% — 48.1% — 51.7% — 60.2% — 71.4% — n/a • Black or African American — 41.4% — 44.8% — 42.9% — 37.9% — 27.6% — 15.5% • Hispanic or Latino (of any race) — 4.2% — 2.8% — 1.3% — 0.7% — 0.6% — n/a • Asian — 2.2% — 1.8% — 1.5% — 1.1% — 0.2% — 0.1% • Illustration — Map of racial distribution in Cincinnati, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: In 1950, Cincinnati reached its peak population of 503,998; thereafter, it lost population in every census count from 1960 to 2010. In the late 20th century, industrial restructuring caused a loss of jobs. More recently, the population has begun recovering: the 2020 census reports a population of 309,317, representing a 4.2% increase from 296,943 in 2010. This marked the first increase in population recorded since the 1950 Census, reversing a 60-year trend of population decline. At the 2020 census, there were 309,317 people, 138,696 households, and 62,319 families residing in the city. The population density was 3809.9 PD/sqmi. There were 161,095 housing units at an average density of 2066.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 50.3% White, 41.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 2.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.2% of the population. There were 138,696 households, of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.2% were married couples living together, 19.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 53.3% were non-families. 43.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age in the city was 32.5 years. 21.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 14.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. In the 2023 census estimates, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,271,479, making it the 30th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. It includes the Ohio counties of Hamilton, Butler, Warren, Clermont, Clinton, and Brown, as well as the Kentucky counties of Boone, Bracken, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Kenton, and Pendleton, and the Indiana counties of Dearborn, Franklin, Union, and Ohio.

• Illustration — Downtown Cincinnati is the financial center of the city; eight Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in the metropolitan area. Metropolitan Cincinnati has the twenty-eighth largest economy in the United States and the fifth largest in the Midwest, after Chicago (3rd), Minneapolis–St. Paul (15th), Detroit (16th), and St. Louis (24th). In 2016, it had the fastest-growing Midwestern economic capital. The gross domestic product for the region was $127 billion (~$ in) in 2015. The median home price is $158,200, and the cost of living in Cincinnati is 8% below the national average. As of September 2022, the unemployment rate is 3.3%, below the national average. Several Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in Cincinnati, such as Kroger, Procter & Gamble, Western & Southern Financial Group, Fifth Third Bank, and American Financial Group. GE Aerospace is headquartered in the inner suburb of Evendale, while Cincinnati Financial and Cintas are headquartered in the exurbs of Fairfield and Mason, respectively. The Kroger Company employs over 20,000 people locally, making it the largest employer in the city; the four next largest employers are Cincinnati Children's Hospital, TriHealth, the University of Cincinnati, and St. Elizabeth Healthcare. Cincinnati is home to a branch office of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.

The Cincinnati Art Museum is an art museum in the Eden Park neighborhood. Founded in 1881, it was the first purpose-built art museum west of the Allegheny Mountains. Its collection of over 67,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history make it one of the most comprehensive collections in the Midwest. The Contemporary Arts Center was established in 1939 as one of the first contemporary art institutions in the country. The Art Academy of Cincinnati also features three public galleries, in addition to the Taft Museum of Art collection. The city's Cincinnati Museum Center complex operates out of the Cincinnati Union Terminal in the Queensgate neighborhood. Within the complex are the Cincinnati History Museum, Museum of Natural History & Science, Robert D. Lindner Family Omnimax Theater, Cincinnati History Library and Archives, and Duke Energy Children's Museum. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center opened in 2004 along the riverfront based on the history of the Underground Railroad, recognizing the role the city played in its history as thousands of slaves escaped to freedom by crossing the Ohio River from the southern slave states. U.S. president and chief justice William Howard Taft's childhood home, now the William Howard Taft National Historic Site, in Mount Auburn features exhibits on Taft's life and accomplishments. The American Sign Museum features over 200 signs and other objects on display ranging from the late nineteenth century to the 1970s.

Music-related events include the Cincinnati May Festival, Bunbury Music Festival, and Cincinnati Bell/WEBN Riverfest. Cincinnati hosted the World Choir Games in 2012 with the mantra "Cincinnati, the City that Sings!" Cincinnati has given rise or been home to popular musicians and singers, including Lonnie Mack, Doris Day, Odd Nosdam, Dinah Shore, Fats Waller, Rosemary Clooney, Bootsy Collins, The Isley Brothers, Merle Travis, Hank Ballard, Otis Williams, Mood, Midnight Star, Calloway, The Afghan Whigs, Over the Rhine, Blessid Union of Souls, Freddie Meyer, 98 Degrees, The Greenhornes, The Deele, Enduser, Heartless Bastards, The Dopamines, Adrian Belew, The National, Foxy Shazam, Why?, Wussy, H-Bomb Ferguson, Sudan Archives and Walk the Moon, and alternative hip hop producer Hi-Tek calls the Metro Cincinnati region home. Andy Biersack, the lead vocalist for the rock band Black Veil Brides, was born in Cincinnati. • Illustration — Cincinnati Music Hall in Over-the-Rhine is the city's principal concert hall. The Cincinnati May Festival Chorus is a professional choir that has been in existence since 1880. The city is home to the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Opera, Cincinnati Boychoir, and Cincinnati Ballet. Metro Cincinnati is also home to several regional orchestras and youth orchestras, including the Starling Chamber Orchestra and the Cincinnati Symphony Youth Orchestra. Music Director James Conlon and Chorus Director Robert Porco lead the Chorus through an extensive repertoire of classical music. The May Festival Chorus is the mainstay of the oldest continuous choral festival in the Western Hemisphere. Cincinnati Music Hall was built to house the May Festival. Cincinnati is the subject of a Connie Smith song written by Bill Anderson, called Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati is the main scenario for the international music production of Italian artist and songwriter Veronica Vitale called "Inside the Outsider". She embedded the sounds of the trains at Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Downtown Cincinnati, filmed her music single "Mi Sono innamorato di Te" at the American Sign Museum and recorded her heartbeat sound at Cincinnati Children's Hospital replacing it to the drums for her song "The Pulse of Light" during the broadcasting at Ryan Seacrest's studio. Furthermore, she released the music single "Nobody is Perfect" featuring legendary Cincinnati's bass player Bootsy Collins. Cincinnati was a major early music recording center and was home to King Records, which helped launch the career of James Brown, who often recorded there, as well as Jewel Records, which helped launch Lonnie Mack's career, and Fraternity Records. Cincinnati had a vibrant jazz scene from the 1920s to today. Louis Armstrong's first recordings were done in the Cincinnati area, at Gennett Records, as were Jelly Roll Morton's, Hoagy Carmichael's, and Bix Beiderbecke, who took up residency in Cincinnati for a time. Fats Waller was on staff at WLW in the 1930s.

• Illustration — The Aronoff Center, one of Cincinnati's largest performing arts venues Professional theatre has operated in Cincinnati since at least as early as the 1800s. Among the professional companies based in the city are Ensemble Theatre Cincinnati, Cincinnati Shakespeare Company, the Know Theatre of Cincinnati, Stage First Cincinnati, Cincinnati Public Theatre, Cincinnati Opera, The Performance Gallery and Clear Stage Cincinnati. The city is also home to Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park, which hosts regional premieres, and the Aronoff Center, which hosts touring Broadway shows each year via Broadway Across America. The city has community theatres, such as the Cincinnati Young People's Theatre, Cincinnati Music Theatre, and the Showboat Majestic (which is the last surviving showboat in the United States and possibly the world), and the Mariemont Players. Since 2011, Cincinnati Opera and the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music have partnered to sponsor the Opera Fusion: New Works project. The Opera Fusion: New Works project acts as a program for composers or librettists to workshop an opera in a 10-day residency. This program is headed by the Director of Artistic Operations at Cincinnati Opera, Marcus Küchle, and the former Head of Opera at CCM, Robin Guarino. In 2015, Cincinnati held the USITT 2015 Conference and Stage Expo at the Duke Energy Convention Center, bringing 5,000+ students, university educators, theatrical designers and performers, and other personnel to the city. The USITT Conference is considered the main conference for Theatre, Opera, and Dance in the United States.

• Illustration — Approximately 1 million attend Taste of Cincinnati yearly, making it one of the largest street festivals in the United States. Along with American cuisine, Cincinnati is host to numerous flavors infused from around the culinary world. Frisch's Big Boy, Graeter's ice cream, Kroger, LaRosa's Pizzeria, Montgomery Inn, Skyline Chili, Gold Star Chili, Aglamesis Bro's and United Dairy Farmers are Cincinnati eateries that sell their brand commodities in grocery markets and gas stations. Glier's goetta is produced in the Cincinnati area and is a popular local food. The Maisonette in Cincinnati was Mobil Travel Guide's longest-running five-star restaurant in the United States, holding that distinction for 41 consecutive years until it closed in 2005. Its former head chef, Jean-Robert de Cavel, has opened four new restaurants in the area since 2001. One of the United States's oldest and most celebrated bars, Arnold's Bar and Grill in downtown Cincinnati has won awards from Esquire magazine's "Best Bars in America", Thrillist's "Most Iconic Bar in Ohio", The Daily Meal's "150 Best bars in America" and Seriouseats.com's "The Cincinnati 10". "If Arnold's were in New York, San Francisco, Chicago, or Boston—somewhere, in short, that people actually visit—it would be world-famous," wrote David Wondrich. The Filet-O-Fish was created in 1962 by Lou Groen, the owner of the first McDonald's franchise in the Cincinnati area, to cater to Catholic patrons who abstained from meat on Fridays. Traditional local delicacies include opera creams and nectar soda, both served at Graeter's and Aglamesis Bro's ice cream parlors. Grippo's and Pringles potato chips also have their origins in the area, the latter produced by local company Procter & Gamble. Other foodstuffs of local origin include Frank's RedHot sauce and Slush Puppies.

• Illustration — Cheese coneys containing Cincinnati chili, developed in the 1920s by Macedonian immigrants in Cincinnati Cincinnati chili, a spiced sauce served over noodles, usually topped with cheese and often with diced onions or beans, is the area's "best-known regional food". A variety of recipes are served by respective parlors, including Skyline Chili, Gold Star Chili, and Dixie Chili and Deli, plus independent chili parlors including Camp Washington Chili, Empress Chili and Moonlight Chili. It was first developed by Macedonian immigrant restaurateurs in the 1920s. Cincinnati has been called the "Chili Capital of America" and "of the World" because it has more chili restaurants per capita than any other city in the United States or in the world.

Goetta is a meat-and-grain sausage or mush of German inspiration. It is primarily composed of ground meat (pork, or pork and beef), pin-head oats and spices.

Similarly to goetta's origins, mock turtle soup was a dish popularized by the influx of German immigrants in the late 19th century. Originally made with offal, today Cincinnati-style mock turtle soup is characterized by ground beef, hard-boiled eggs, and ketchup. The only remaining commercial canner of the soup, Worthmore, has produced it in Cincinnati since 1918.

The citizens of Cincinnati speak in a General American dialect. Unlike the rest of the Midwest, Southwest Ohio shares some aspects of its vowel system with northern New Jersey English. Most of the distinctive local features among speakers float as Midland American. There is also some influence from the Southern American dialect found in Kentucky. A touch of northern German is audible in the local vernacular: some residents use the word please when asking a speaker to repeat a statement. This usage is taken from the German practice, when bitte (a shortening of the formal "Wie bitte?" or "How please?"), was used as shorthand for asking someone to repeat.

Cincinnati has three major league teams, five minor league teams, five college institutions with sports teams, and seven major sports venues. Cincinnati's three major league teams are Major League Baseball's Reds, who were named for America's first professional baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings; the Bengals of the National Football League; and FC Cincinnati, which became a Major League Soccer franchise in 2019. On Major League Baseball Opening Day, Cincinnati has the distinction of holding the "traditional opener" in baseball each year, due to its baseball history. Children have been known to skip school on Opening Day, and it is commonly thought of as a holiday. The Cincinnati Reds have won five World Series titles, in, and. The Reds had one of the most successful baseball clubs of all time in the mid-1970s, known as The Big Red Machine. The Bengals have made three Super Bowl appearances since the franchise was founded, in 1982, 1989, and 2022, but have yet to win a championship. The Bengals enjoy strong rivalries with the Cleveland Browns and Pittsburgh Steelers, both of whom are also members of the AFC North division. Whenever the Bengals and Carolina Panthers play against each other in an inter-conference matchup that occurs every four years, their games are dubbed the "Queen City Bowl", as Charlotte, North Carolina, the home city of the Panthers, is also known as the Queen City. FC Cincinnati is a soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer. FC Cincinnati made its home debut in the USL on April 9, 2016, before a crowd of more than 14,000 fans. On their next home game against Louisville City FC, FC Cincinnati broke the all-time USL attendance record with a crowd of 20,497; on May 14, 2016, it broke its own record, bringing in an audience of 23,375 on its 1–0 victory against the Pittsburgh Riverhounds. After breaking the USL attendance record on several additional occasions, the club moved to Major League Soccer (MLS) for the 2019 season. FC Cincinnati was awarded an MLS bid on May 29, 2018, and moved to TQL Stadium in the West End neighborhood just northwest of downtown in 2021. Cincinnati is also home to two men's college basketball teams: the Cincinnati Bearcats and Xavier Musketeers. These two teams face off as one of college basketball's rivalries known as the Crosstown Shootout. In 2011, the rivalry game erupted in an on-court brawl at the end of the game that saw multiple suspensions follow. The Musketeers have made 10 of the last 11 NCAA tournaments while the Bearcats have won two Division I National Championships. Previously, the Cincinnati Royals competed in the National Basketball Association from 1957 to 1972; they are now known as the Sacramento Kings. The Flying Pig Marathon is a yearly event attracting many runners and acts as a qualifier to the Boston Marathon. The Cincinnati Open, a historic international men's and women's tennis tournament that is part of the ATP Tour Masters 1000 Series and the WTA 1000 Series, was established in the city in 1899 and has been held at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in suburban Mason since 1979. The Cincinnati Cyclones are a minor league AA-level professional hockey team playing in the ECHL. Founded in 1990, the team plays at the Heritage Bank Center. They won the 2010 Kelly Cup Finals, their 2nd championship in three seasons. The Kroger Queen City Championship is played annually on the LPGA Tour at Maketewah Country Club. Its 2022 debut marked the first time since 1963 that women's professional golf returned to Cincinnati. The table below shows sports teams in the Cincinnati area that average more than 5,000 fans per game: Cincinnati teams (yearly attendance > 5,000) • Club — Sport — Founded — League — Venue — data-sort-type="number" | Average — Ref • Cincinnati Reds — Baseball — 1882 — Major League Baseball — Great American Ball Park — 25,164 • Cincinnati Bearcats — Football — 1885 — NCAA Division I — Nippert Stadium — 33,871 • Cincinnati Bearcats — Basketball — 1901 — NCAA Division I — Fifth Third Arena — 9,415 • Xavier Musketeers — Basketball — 1920 — NCAA Division I — Cintas Center — 10,281 • Cincinnati Bengals — Football — 1968 — National Football League — Paycor Stadium — 66,247 • Cincinnati Cyclones — Ice hockey — 1990 — ECHL — Heritage Bank Center — 6,633 • FC Cincinnati — Soccer — 2015 — Major League Soccer — TQL Stadium — 25,265

• Illustration — The Spring House Gazebo at Eden Park in Walnut Hills The Cincinnati Park Board maintains and operates all city parks in Cincinnati. Established in 1911 with the purchase of 168 acre, today the board services more than 5000 acre of city park space. Notable historic public parks and landscapes include the 19th-century Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum, Eden Park, and Mount Storm Park, all designed by Prussian émigré landscape architect Adolph Strauch. The city also has several public golf courses, including the historic Avon Fields Golf Course. Downtown Cincinnati towers about Fountain Square, the public square and event locale. Fountain Square was renovated in 2006. Cincinnati rests along 22 mi of riverfront about northern banks of the Ohio, stretching from California to Sayler Park, giving the Ohio a prominent place in the life of the city. The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden in Avondale is the second-oldest zoo in the United States. It was appointed as a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The zoo houses over 500 species, 1,800 animals and 3,000 plant species. In addition, the zoo also has conducted several breeding programs in its history. The zoo is frequently cited among the best in the country.

Presidential election results in Cincinnati • Year — Democratic — Republican — Others • 2020 — 77.3% 106,620 — 21.2% 29,222 — 1.5% 2,126 • 2016 — 74.6% 100,876 — 21.3% 28,820 — 4.1% 5,590 • Illustration — Cincinnati City Hall, completed in 1893 The city proper operates with a nine-member city council, whose members are elected at-large. Prior to 1924, city council members were elected through a system of wards. The ward system was subject to corruption due to partisan rule. From the 1880s to the 1920s, the Republican Party dominated city politics, with the political machine of George B. "Boss" Cox exerting control. In 1923, a reform movement arose which ended machine rule. It was led by another Republican, Murray Seasongood. He founded the Charter Committee, which used ballot initiatives in 1924 to replace the ward system with the current at-large system. They gained approval by voters for a council–manager government form of government, in which a smaller council hires a professional manager to operate the daily affairs of the city. From 1924 to 1957, the council was elected by proportional representation and single transferable voting. Starting with Ashtabula in 1915, several major cities in Ohio adopted this electoral system, which had the practical effect of reducing ward boss and political party power. For that reason, such groups opposed it. In an effort to overturn the charter that provided for proportional representation, opponents in 1957 fanned fears of black political power, at a time of increasing civil rights activism. The PR/STV system had enabled minorities to enter local politics and gain seats on the city council more than they had before, in proportion to their share of the population. This made the government more representative of the residents of the city. Overturning that charter, in 1957, all candidates had to run in a single race for the nine city council positions. The top nine vote-getters were elected (the "9-X system"), which favored candidates who could appeal to the entire geographic area of the city and reach its residents with campaign materials. The mayor was elected by the council. In 1977, 33-year-old Jerry Springer, later a notable television talk show host, was chosen to serve one year as mayor. To have their votes count more, starting in 1987, the top vote-getter in the city council election was automatically selected as mayor. Starting in 1999, the mayor was elected separately in a general at-large election for the first time. The city manager's role in government was reduced. These reforms were referred to as the "strong mayor" reforms, to make the public officials accountable to voters. Cincinnati politics include the participation of the Charter Party, the political party with the third-longest history of winning in local elections. In October 2011, the Council became the first local government in the United States to adopt a resolution recognizing freedom from domestic violence as a fundamental human right. In January 2017, Cincinnati's mayor declared the city a sanctuary city. Cincinnati is home to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, based in the Potter Stewart United States Courthouse. It has appellate jurisdiction over Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee.

• Illustration — A Ford Explorer Police Interceptor belonging to the Cincinnati Police Department The city of Cincinnati's emergency services for fire, rescue, EMS, hazardous materials and explosive ordnance disposal is handled by the Cincinnati Fire Department. On April 1, 1853, the Cincinnati Fire Department became the first paid professional fire department in United States. The Cincinnati Fire Department operates out of 26 fire stations, located throughout the city in 4 districts, each commanded by a district chief. The Cincinnati Fire Department is organized into 4 bureaus: Operations, Personnel and Training, Administrative Services, and Fire Prevention. Each bureau is commanded by an assistant chief, who in turn reports to the chief of department. The Cincinnati Police Department has more than 1,000 sworn officers. Before the riots of 2001, Cincinnati's overall crime rate had been dropping steadily and by 1995 had reached its lowest point since 1992, but with more murders and rapes. After the riot, violent crime increased, but crime has been on the decline since. The Cincinnati Police Department was featured on TLC's Police Women of Cincinnati and on A&E's reality show The First 48. Cincinnati had 71 homicides in 2023, down from 78 in 2022.

Cincinnati Public Schools (CPS) include 18 high schools all with citywide acceptance. CPS, the second -largest school cluster by student population in Ohio, was the largest to have an overall 'effective' rating from the State. The district currently includes public Montessori schools, including the first public Montessori high school established in the United States, Clark Montessori. Cincinnati Public Schools' top-rated school is Walnut Hills High School, ranked 34th on the national list of best public schools by Newsweek. Walnut Hills offers 28 Advanced Placement courses. Cincinnati is also home to the first Kindergarten – 12th grade Arts School in the country, the School for Creative and Performing Arts. The Jewish community has several schools, including the all-girl RITSS (Regional Institute for Torah and Secular Studies) high school, and the all-boy Yeshivas Lubavitch High School. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati operates sixteen high schools in Cincinnati, ten of which are single-sex. There are six all-female high schools and four all-male high schools in the city, with additional schools in the metro area.

The Greater Cincinnati Collegiate Connection is a consortium consisting of all of the accredited colleges and universities in the Cincinnati area. The University of Cincinnati is a public research university founded in 1819. It is the oldest institution of higher education in Cincinnati and has an annual enrollment of over 50,000 students, making it the second-largest university in Ohio. It is part of the University System of Ohio. The university's primary uptown campus and medical campus are located in the Heights and Corryville neighborhoods. The university is renowned in architecture and engineering, liberal arts, music, nursing, and social science. Notable divisions include the University of Cincinnati Medical Center and the College-Conservatory of Music. Xavier University, a Roman Catholic college along with Mount St. Joseph University, was at one time affiliated with the Athenaeum of Ohio, the seminary of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati. Xavier is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution based in the Jesuit tradition. Antonelli College, a career training school, is based in Cincinnati with several satellite campuses in Ohio and Mississippi. Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR), founded by Isaac Mayer Wise, is a seminary for training of Reform rabbis and others religious. Cincinnati State Technical and Community College is a small technical and community college that includes the Midwest Culinary School. The Art Academy of Cincinnati, nicknamed AAC was founded as the 'McMicken School of Design in 1869. Also located in Cincinnati were Cincinnati Christian University and Chatfield College before they permanently closed in 2019 and 2023, respectively. Five hundred years since the Reformation Cincinnati provided a global distinguished lecture marking the layout of books and research for stirred city goers and the Cincinnati Art Museum staff built Albrecht Durer: The Age of Reformation and Renaissance, with more crafting by the university design, art, and architecture program given for the city.

The city has an extensive library system, both the city's public libraries and university facilities. The Cincinnati and Hamilton County Public Library system was the second largest in the nation by number of holdings in 2016.

Cincinnati's daily newspaper is The Cincinnati Enquirer, which was established in 1841. The city is home to several alternative, weekly, and monthly publications, among which are free weekly print magazine publications including CityBeat and La Jornada Latina. The city's weekly African American newspaper, The Cincinnati Herald, was founded by Gerald Porter in 1955 and purchased by Sesh Communications in 1996.

According to Nielsen Media Research, Cincinnati is the 36th largest television market in the United States As of 2021. Twelve television stations broadcast from Cincinnati. Major commercial stations in the area include WLWT 5 (NBC), WCPO-TV 9 (ABC), WKRC-TV 12 (CBS, with CW on DT2), WXIX-TV 19 (Fox), WSTR-TV 64 (MyNetworkTV), and WBQC-LD 25 (Telemundo), which is a sister station to WXIX-TV through owner Gray Television's purchase of the station. WCET channel 48, now known as CET, is the United States' oldest licensed public television station (License #1, issued in 1951). It is now co-owned with WPTO 14, a satellite of WPTD in nearby Dayton.

As of 2022 September, Cincinnati is the 33rd largest radio market in the United States, with an estimated 1.8 million listeners aged 12 and above. Major radio station operators include iHeartMedia and Cumulus Media. WLW and WCKY, both owned by iHeartMedia, are both clear-channel stations that broadcast at 50,000 watts, covering most of the eastern United States at night. Cincinnati Public Radio includes WVXU for news (an NPR member station) and WGUC for classical music.

• Illustration — Cincinnati Union Terminal serves Amtrak's Cardinal line and houses several museums. Cincinnati has several standard modes of transportation including sidewalks, roads, public transit, bicycle paths and airports. The city's hills preclude the regular street grid common to many cities built up in the 19th century, and outside of the downtown basin, regular street grids are rare except for in patches of flat land where they are small and oriented according to topography. Most trips are made by car, with transit and bicycles having a relatively low share of total trips; in a region of just over 2 million people, less than 80,000 trips were made with transit on an average day in 2012. Like many other Midwestern cities, however, bicycle use grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s. The city of Cincinnati has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 19.3 percent of Cincinnati households lacked a car and the figure increased slightly, to 21.2 percent, in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Cincinnati averaged 1.3 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. The development of a light rail system had long been a goal for Cincinnati, with several proposals emerging over many decades. The city grew rapidly during its streetcar era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is today served by the Connector. In 1917, citizens voted to spend $6 million (~$ in) to build the Cincinnati Subway. The subway was planned to be a 16 mi loop around the city via St. Bernard, Norwood, Oakley and Hyde Park. World War I delayed commencement of construction until 1920 and inflation raised the cost to over $13 million (~$ in), causing the Oakley portion never to be built. Mayor Murray Seasongood, who took office later in the decade, argued it would cost too much money to finish the system, and construction stalled after the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

• Illustration — The Connector streetcar line was established in 2016. The Connector streetcar line in Downtown and Over-the-Rhine opened for service on September 9, 2016, crossing directly above the unfinished subway on Central Parkway downtown. Today the streetcar boasts over 3.5 mi of track and 16 hours of service per day on weekdays. It had an annual ridership of over 846,000 in 2022. Cincinnati is served by the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority (SORTA), the Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky (TANK) and the Clermont Transportation Connection. SORTA and TANK primarily operate 40 ft diesel buses, though some lines are served by longer articulated or hybrid-engine buses. SORTA buses operate under the "Metro" name and are referred to by locals as such. A system of public staircases guides pedestrians up and down the city's many hills. In addition to practical use linking hillside neighborhoods, the 400 stairways provide visitors with scenic views of the Cincinnati area. Cincinnati is served by Amtrak's Cardinal, an intercity passenger train which makes three weekly trips in each direction between Chicago and New York City through Cincinnati Union Terminal.

• Illustration — Fort Washington Way, one of Cincinnati's major freeways Bus traffic is heavy in Cincinnati. Several motor coach companies operate out of Cincinnati, making trips within the Midwest and beyond. The city has a beltway, Interstate 275 (which is the third-longest beltway overall in the United States at 85 mi) and a spur, Interstate 471, to Kentucky. It is also served by Interstate 71, Interstate 74, Interstate 75 and numerous U.S. highways: US 22, US 25, US 27, US 42, US 50, US 52, and US 127. The Riverfront Transit Center, built underneath 2nd Street, is about the size of eight football fields. It is only used for sporting events and school field trips. At its construction, it was designed for public transit buses, charter buses, school buses, city coach buses, light rail, and possibly commuter rail. When not in use for sporting events, it is closed off and rented to a private parking vendor.

The city is served by Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (IATA: CVG) which is located in Hebron, Kentucky. The airport is a focus city for Allegiant Air and Frontier Airlines as well as a global cargo hub for both Amazon Air and DHL Aviation. The airport offers non-stop passenger service to over 50 destinations in North America and to European cities including Paris and London. CVG is the 5th busiest airport in the United States by cargo traffic and is additionally the fastest-growing cargo airport in North America. Other airports include Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport (IATA: LUK) which has daily service on commercial charter flights.

Cincinnati's sister cities are: • Amman, Jordan • Gifu, Japan • Harare, Zimbabwe • Kharkiv, Ukraine • Liuzhou, China • Munich, Germany • Mysore, India • Nancy, France • New Taipei, Taiwan