Andrea del Sarto

• Name — Andrea del Sarto • Birth Name — Andrea d'Agnolo di Francesco di Luca • Born — 16 July 1486 • Birthplace — Florence, Republic of Florence (present-day Italy) • Died — before 1530 9 29 • Place of death — Florence, Republic of Florence (present-day Italy) • Field — Painting • Movement — High Renaissance Mannerism • Works — Madonna of the Harpies 'Nativity of the Virgin'

• Illustration — The house of Andrea del Sarto Andrea del Sarto was born Andrea d'Agnolo di Francesco di Luca in Florence on 16 July 1486. Since his father, Agnolo, was a tailor (Italian: sarto), he became known as "del Sarto" (meaning "tailor's son"). Since 1677 some have attributed the surname Vannucchi with little documentation. By 1494, Andrea was apprenticed to a goldsmith, and then to a woodcarver and painter named Gian Barile, with whom he remained until 1498. According to his late biographer Vasari, he then apprenticed to Piero di Cosimo, and later with Raffaellino del Garbo (Carli). Andrea and an older friend, Franciabigio, decided to open a joint studio at a lodging together in the Piazza del Grano. The first product of their partnership may have been the Baptism of Christ for the Florentine Compagnia dello Scalzo, the beginning of a monochrome fresco series. By the time the partnership was dissolved, Sarto's style bore the stamp of individuality. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, it "is marked throughout his career by an interest, exceptional among Florentines, in effects of colour and atmosphere and by sophisticated informality and natural expression of emotion". • Illustration — Birth of the Virgin (detail), 1509–10, SS Annunziata, Chiostrino dei Voti, Florence • Illustration — S Filippo Benizi's Death and Child restored to Life (detail), 1509–10, SS Annunziata, Chiostrino dei Voti

From 1509 to 1514 the Servite Order employed Del Sarto, Franciabigio, and Andrea Feltrini in a programme of frescoes at Basilica della Santissima Annunziata di Firenze. Sarto completed seven frescoes in the forecourt or atrium (the chiostro dei voti) before the Servite church, five of which illustrated the Life and miracles of Filippo Benizzi, a Servite saint who died in 1285 (canonized 1671). He executed them rapidly, depicting the saint healing a leper through the gift of his undertunic; predicting the bad end of some blasphemers; and restoring a girl possessed with a devil. The two final frescoes of the series depicted the healing of a child at the death bed of Filippo Benizzi and the curing of sick adults and children through his relic garment held at the church. All five frescoes were completed before the close of 1510. The original contract also required him to paint five scenes of the life and miracles of Saint Sebastian, but he told the Servites that he no longer wished to continue with the second cycle, most likely due to the low remuneration. The Servites convinced him to do two more frescoes in the forecourt, although of a different subject matter: a Procession of the Magi (containing a self-portrait) finished in 1511 and a Nativity of the Virgin (1514), which fuses the influence of Leonardo, Ghirlandaio, and Fra Bartolomeo. These paintings met with respect, the correctness of the contours being particularly admired, and earned for Sarto the nickname of Andrea senza errori ("Andrea without fault"). Toward 1512 he painted an Annunciation in the Church of San Gallo and a Marriage of Saint Catherine (today in Dresden). By November 1515 he had finished at the nearby Chiostro of the Confraternity of Saint John the Baptist (commonly known as the Scalzo) the Allegory of Justice and the Baptist Preaching in the Desert, followed in 1517 by John Baptizing the People.

• Illustration — Del Sarto's most ambitious monument, in terms of the amount of time he devoted to it, is the grisaille series in the Chiostro dello Scalzo. Before the end of 1516, a Pietà of Del Sarto's composition, and afterward a Madonna, were sent to the French Court. This led to an invitation from François I, in 1518, and he journeyed to Paris in June of that year, along with his pupil Andrea Squarzzella, leaving his wife, Lucrezia, in Florence. According to Giorgio Vasari, Andrea's pupil and biographer, Lucrezia wrote to Andrea and demanded he return to Italy. The king assented, but only on the understanding that his absence from France was to be short. He then entrusted Andrea with a sum of money to be expended in purchasing works of art for the French Court. By Vasari's account, Andrea took the money and used it instead to buy a house in Florence, thus ruining his reputation and preventing him from ever returning to France. The story inspired Robert Browning's poem-monologue "Andrea del Sarto Called the 'Faultless Painter'" (1855), but now is dismissed by some historians as apocryphal, untrue although oft-repeated.

• Illustration — Assumption of the Virgin (Poppi Altarpiece), 1530 • Illustration — Head of Saint John the Baptist, c. 1523, National Gallery of Art He resumed work in Florence during 1520 and executed the Faith and Charity in the cloister of the Scalzo. These were succeeded by the Dance of the Daughter of Herodias, the Beheading of the Baptist, the Presentation of His Head to Herod, an Allegory of Hope, the Apparition of the Angel to Zacharias (1523) and the monochrome Visitation. This last was painted in the autumn of 1524, after Andrea had returned from Luco in Mugello, whence an outbreak of bubonic plague in Florence had driven him and his family. In 1525, he returned to paint in the Annunziata cloister the Madonna del Sacco, a lunette named after a sack against which Joseph is represented propped. In this painting the generous virgin's gown and her gaze indicate his influence on the early style of pupil Pontormo. In 1523, Andrea painted a copy of the portrait group of Pope Leo X by Raphael; this copy is now in the Museo di Capodimonte in Naples, while the original remains at the Pitti Palace. The Raphael painting was owned by Ottaviano de' Medici, and requested by Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. Unwilling to part with the original, Ottaviano retained Andrea to produce a copy, which he passed to the Duke as the original. The imitation was so faithful that even Giulio Romano, who had himself manipulated the original to some extent, was completely fooled; and, on showing the copy years afterwards to Vasari, who knew the truth, he could be convinced that it was not genuine only when a private mark on the canvas was pointed out to him by Vasari. Andrea's final work at the Scalzo was the Nativity of the Baptist (1526). In the following year he completed his last important painting, a Last Supper at San Salvi (now an inner suburb of Florence), in which all the characters appear to be portraits. The church is now the Museo del Cenacolo di Andrea del Sarto. A number of his paintings were considered to be self-portraits. Formerly, a Portrait of a Young Man in the National Gallery, London was believed to be a self-portrait, as was the Portrait of Becuccio Bicchieraio in National Gallery of Scotland, but now both are known not to be self-portraits. There is a self-portrait at Alnwick Castle, a young man about twenty years of age with his elbow on a table. Another youthful portrait is in the Uffizi Gallery and the Pitti Palace contains more than one.

• Illustration — The Madonna of the Harpies, 1517 • Illustration — Francesco Di Bartolo, Madonna of the Harpies, after Andrea del Sarto, burin engraving, 1889, Natalia Di Bartolo Collection The Madonna of the Harpies is a depiction of the Virgin and Child on a pedestal, flanked by two saints (Bonaventure or Francis and John the Evangelist), and at her feet, two cherubs. The pedestal is decorated with a relief depicting some feminine figures interpreted as harpies and thus gave rise, in English, to the name of the painting. Originally completed in 1517 for the convent of San Francesco dei Macci, the altarpiece now resides in the Uffizi. In an Italy crowded with Madonnas, it would be easy to overlook this work; however, this commonly copied scheme also lends itself to comparison of his style with that of his contemporaries. The figures have a Leonardo-like aura, and the stable pyramid of their composition provides a unified structure. In some ways, his rigid adherence is more classical than Leonardo's but less so than Fra Bartolomeo's representations of the Holy Family. The altarpiece later entered the repertory of nineteenth-century reproductive engraving. Antonio Piccinni completed a preparatory drawing after it in 1878; following a competition held by the Regia Calcografia in 1884, Francesco Di Bartolo translated Piccinni's drawing into a burin engraving, published in 1889. The print reinterprets the monumental structure and tonal values of Andrea del Sarto's painting through the engraved treatment of flesh, drapery and architectural space. • Illustration — Pietà with Saints, 1523–24

Andrea married Lucrezia (del Fede), the widow of a hatter named Carlo, of Recanati, on 26 December 1512. Lucrezia appears in many of his paintings, often as a Madonna. Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574) describes her as "faithless, jealous, and vixenish with the apprentices". In Robert Browning's poem this characterisation is adapted. Andrea died in Florence at age 44 during an outbreak of Bubonic Plague at the end of September 1530. He was buried unceremoniously by the Misericordia in the church of the Servites. In Lives of the Artists, Vasari claimed Andrea received no attention at all from his wife during his terminal illness. However, it was well known at the time that plague was highly contagious, so it has been speculated that Lucrezia might have been afraid of contracting the virulent and frequently-fatal disease. If true, this well-founded caution was rewarded, as she survived her husband by 40 years.

• Illustration — Portrait of a Man, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York • Illustration — The so-called Portrait of a Sculptor, long believed to have been Del Sarto's self-portrait; National Gallery, London • Holy Family with Saint Peter Martyr, 1507–1508, Pinacoteca di Bari • Noli me tangere, c. 1510, Museo del Cenacolo di Andrea del Sarto, Florence • Virgin and Child with Saints Elizabeth and John the Baptist, c. 1513, National Gallery, London • Portrait of the Artist's Wife, 1513–1514, Museo del Prado, Madrid • Nativity of the Virgin, 1513–1514, Santissima Annunziata, Florence • Madonna of the Harpies (Virgin and Child with Saints Francis and John the Evangelist, and Two Angels), 1517, painted at San Francesco, now in the Uffizi, Florence • Portrait of a Young Man, 1517–1518, National Gallery, London) • Charity, 1518, Louvre, Paris • Julius Caesar Receives Tribute, c. 1520, fresco at Poggio a Caiano, completed by Alessandro Allori • The Virgin Surrounded by Saints, Pitti Palace, Florence • Madonna della Scala, c. 1522–1523, Museo del Prado, Madrid • Panciatichi Assumption, c. 1522–1523, Galleria Palatina, Pitti Palace, Florence • Pietà, 1523–1524, Galleria Palatina, Pitti Palace, Florence • Passerini Assumption, 1526, Galleria Palatina, Pitti Palace, Florence • Last Supper, 1511–1527, Museo del Cenacolo di Andrea del Sarto, Florence • The Disputation on the Trinity, c. 1528, altarpiece for the Church of San Gallo, now in the Uffizi, Florence • Gambassi Altarpiece, c. 1528, Galleria Palatina, Pitti Palace, Florence • Barberini Holy Family, c. 1528, Galleria Nazionale di Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini, Rome • Saint James with Two Youths, c. 1528–1529, Uffizi, Florence • Vallombrosa Polyptych, c. 1528–1529, Uffizi, Florence • Holy Family with John the Baptist, c. 1529, Hermitage, Saint Petersburg • Borgherini Holy Family, c. 1529, Metropolitan Museum, New York • Medici Holy Family, c. 1529, Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence • Madonna in Glory with Four Saints, 1530, Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence

Andrea del Sarto was recorded at birth as Andrea d'Agnolo di Francesco di Luca di Paolo del Migliore Vannucchi. The authorities additionally record the headings Andreas Angeli Francisci, Andrea Delserto, Andrea del Sardi, Andrea d'Agnolo del Sarto and Andre de Sartre. His recorded language was Italian. He married Lucrezia del Fede.

Works recorded as notable number 8: Madonna of the Harpies, San Gallo Annunciation, Last Supper of Andrea del Sarto, Vallombrosa Altarpiece, Saint James, The Sacrifice of Isaac, Annunciation from an aedicula in Florence and Lamentation of Christ. His recorded genre is painting.