Adélaïde Labille-Guiard

• Name — Adélaïde Labille-Guiard • Birth Name — Adélaïde Labille • Born — 11 April 1749 • Birthplace — Paris, France • Died — 24 April 1803 • Place of death — Paris, France • Field — Miniatures, painting, pastels • Movement — Rococo to Neoclassicism

• Illustration — Self-portrait, miniature Adélaïde Labille was born on 11 April 1749 in Paris. Her father, Claude-Edme Labille (1705–1788) was a haberdasher. Labille-Guiard became a master at miniatures, pastels, and oil paintings. Little is known about her training due to the practices of the 18th century which dictated masters (who were predominately male) should not take on female pupils. During this time, women were perceived as incapable to follow instruction alongside men. During her adolescence, Labille-Guiard studied miniature painting with oil painter François-Élie Vincent and her early work was exhibited at the Académie de Saint-Luc. Labille-Guillard married Louis-Nicolas Guiard in 1769, but separated from him eight years later, already able to support herself through her artwork. She apprenticed with the pastel master Quentin de la Tour until 1774. From 1776 to 1780, she began to study oil painting with her childhood friend François-André Vincent (the eldest son of François-Élie Vincent), who would later become her husband.

• Illustration — The Sculptor Augustin Pajou, 1783, by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard. • Illustration — Portrait of Louise-Elisabeth of France with her son by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard

Labille-Guiard was admitted to the Académie de Saint-Luc in 1767 when she was twenty years old. Her admission piece has since disappeared and sadly no records of its existence survive today. The Académie de Saint-Luc provided Labille-Guiard with a space to practice art professionally. In 1774, she exhibited her work at its Salon. This show was so successful that the Royal Academy took offence, and with the backing of the monarchy, issued an edict in March 1776 abolishing “guilds, brotherhoods, and communities of arts and crafts”, forcing the Académie de Saint-Luc to close its doors in 1777. However, this did not stop Labille-Guiard's ambitions as an artist.

Through pure artistic ability and talent, Labille-Guiard became a painter for the royal family. Her royal patrons included the aunt of Louis XVI of France, Princess Marie Adélaïde and her sister Victoria Louise, and the King's sister Elizabeth and earned her a government pension of 1,000 livres. In 1787, she became peintre des mesdames, a position that led her to painting Madame Adélaïde and Madame Victoire. The portrait of Adélaïde completed in 1787 was one of Labille-Guiard's largest and most ambitious work to that date. She was later commissioned in 1788 by the King's brother, the Count of Provence (later Louis XVIII of France). She was instructed to paint him at the centre of a large historical work, Réception d'un chevalier de Saint-Lazare par Monsieur, Grand maître de l'ordre. In 1795 she obtained artist's lodging at the Louvre (following a decade-long campaign) and a new pension of 2,000 livres. She was the first woman artist to be permitted to set up a studio for herself and her students at the Louvre. • Illustration — Elisabeth de France (oil on canvas) • Illustration — Elisabeth de France (pastel) • Illustration — Helena Massalska • Illustration — Madame Alexis (Adélaïde Prévost) • Illustration — Adrienne Lafayette • Illustration — Portrait of a woman by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, 1787

Labille-Guiard often did not fit comfortably within the boundaries of feminine virtue in the 18th century. In order to appeal to a wide variety of viewers including upper-class men and women, she often incorporated recent fashions into her paintings, which allowed her to showcase her artistic ability. She was good at rendering details, such as showing luxurious folds and layers of complex skirts that were in fashion at the time. However, often she painted with a twist such as having women face directly at the viewer or with a low neckline, which was an uncommon practice in the 18th century when portraying women. Further evidence of Labille-Guiard's boldness can be seen in her self-portraits, which leave her exposed slightly more than usual, but not enough to evoke allegations of promiscuous behaviour. This is seen in her painting Self-Portrait with Two Pupils. Unlike some other paintings of female artists in the 18th century, Labille-Guiard chose to depict herself actively working rather than passive and at rest. Labille-Guiard also pushed against other restrictions, such as those that limited the number of females that could attend the Royal Academy. By depicting two female students in Self-Portrait with Two Pupils, Labille-Guiard suggests more women should be allowed in to the Royal Academy. In this sense, Labille-Guiard was daring, but not too daring as to sabotage her reputation and lose the respect she worked hard to gain within the art world. At the time, female artists were frequently related to the goddess Minerva. Therefore, Labille-Guiard and her rival Vigée Le Brun were both referred to as "modern Minervas." Their rivalry was encouraged by both academicians and patrons at court. Today, Labille-Guiard's masterpiece, Self-Portrait with Two Pupils, hangs in New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, after the Louvre rejected it in a final dismissal of the artist's talent.

Labille-Guiard had an impact on her young female artists. In a letter written by a mother whose daughter studied painting with a female academic, (who, based on the description, seems to be Labille-Guiard) she explained that the teacher insisted on maintaining the highest standards of modesty in her studio. Her commitment for female students was evident throughout her membership at the Royal Academy. At a meeting held on 23 September 1790, Labille-Guiard proposed that women be admitted in unlimited numbers and be permitted to serve on the institution's governing board. Both motions were approved. However, conservatives of the academy turned it down and criticized Labille Guiard as a "Jeanne d'Arc", and "a hen amongst roosters," and she was similarly condemned by the radicals. Labille-Guillard continued to advocate for women, presenting the National Assembly with a memoir about the education of young women deprived of fortune, which was referenced by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord in his work. • Illustration — Princess Madame Adélaïde, the patron of Labille-Guiard – Marie-Adélaïde de France, (c. 1786–1787)

• Illustration — Atelier of Madame Vincent, 1808. Painting of Adélaïde Labille-Guiard painted in 1808 by her pupil Marie Capet. Instead of fleeing during the French Revolution of 1789, Labille-Guiard stayed in France. However, the royal connections she made throughout her career made her a political suspect. She attempted to position herself as an artist for the Republic. She donated funds to the nation's treasury and painted thirteen members of the National Assembly (French Revolution), including Maximilien Robespierre and Alexandre de Beauharnais. In 1791, she and Jacques-Louis David were commissioned by the legislature to paint Louis XVI handing the constitution to his son, which was never completed. From 1792, she split her time between Paris and the village Pontault-en-Brie, where she fled with Vincent, two students, and others. In 1793 she was ordered to remit "the larger and small portraits of the former prince and all studies related to these works, to be devoured by flames." She was thus forced to destroy what she had hoped to be her grandest work, the history painting commissioned by the Count of Provence (Comte de Provence), Réception d'un chevalier de Saint-Lazare par Monsieur, Grand maître de l'ordre. The exile of the Comte of Provence meant Labille-Guiard had not only lost her last royal patron, but she also did not receive a cent of the agreed-upon 30,000 livres. The Revolution further hurt her career when the royal sisters emigrated in February 1791 without paying for several portraits they had commissioned Labille-Guiard to paint. Labille-Guillard briefly left Paris for several years at this time, but returned. In 1795, she obtained lodging at Louvre, and continued to paint and exhibit portraits at the Salons until 1800, the year she married her former teacher, François-André Vincent (1746–1816) in 1800. The pastel portraits of Marie Adélaïde, Victoire-Louise, and Élisabeth stayed in Labille-Guiard's possession until she died from an illness on 24 April 1803.

Adelaide Labille-Guiard had no children from either marriage.

• Illustration — The comedian Tournelle • Illustration — The painter van Loo • Illustration — Madame Victoire of France • Illustration — Robespierre • Illustration — Princess Marie Adélaïde of France • Illustration — Marie-Gabrielle Capet, study • Illustration — Madame de Genlis, 1780 • Illustration — Marie-Gabrielle Capet, 1785 • Illustration — Joachim Lebreton, 1795 • Illustration — François-André Vincent, 1795 • Illustration — Mme Dugazon in the Role of Babet, 1775 or 1790 • Illustration — Portrait of a Man • Illustration — Madame Charles Mitoire with her children, 1783 • Illustration — Portrait of Duchesse d'Aiguillon, 1790 • Illustration — Madame de Selve faisant de la musique

The authorities additionally record the headings Adélaïde Labille, Adélaïde Labille-Guyard, Adélaïde Labille Guiard and Adelaide Labille des Vertus. Her recorded language was French. She was the child of Claude Edme Labille and Marie Anne Labille. She married François-André Vincent and Nicolas Guiard.

Adélaïde Labille-Guiard worked in miniature, portrait, pastel artwork and painting. Her work is associated with Rococo. Recorded position is court painter. She belonged to Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture and Académie de Saint-Luc. She worked at Paris.