Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi

Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi was born in Edirne to a family of Georgian descent. His date of birth is unknown. Mehmed Çelebi himself was enrolled in the Janissary corps, and since he had served in the 28th battalion ("orta" in Janissary terminology) of the corps, he came to be known by the nickname Yirmisekiz ("twenty-eight" in Turkish) for his entire life. His descendants, including his son who became a grand vizier, also carried the name in the form of Yirmisekizzade ("son of twenty-eight"). He rose through the military hierarchy and then oriented his career to the service of the finances of the state, first as superintendent for the Ottoman mint, and then as chief imperial accountant (defterdar) by the reign of Ahmed III. In 1720, while in that position, he was assigned as Ottoman ambassador to Louis XV's France and sent to Paris. His embassy of eleven months was notable for being the first ever foreign representation of a permanent nature for the Ottoman Empire. On his return to the Ottoman capital, Mehmed Çelebi presented his contacts, experiences and observations to the Sultan in the form of a book. His sefâretnâme is one of the most important examples of the homonymous genre, both for its literary merits and in terms of the insights it provides on his time and environment. He describes his journey to France, the 40-days quarantine near Toulon for fear of plague, his journey through Bordeaux towards Paris, his reception by Louis XV, the ceremonies and the social events to which he participated, notably a night at the theatre, places of interest in Paris, the curiosity with which he examines the Western culture and the curiosity he aroused among his Western interlocutors, for instance his days of fasting in Ramadan, July/August 1720, becoming a reason for public gathering for curious Parisian women. Aside from setting the pace and nature of the long-term trend of Westernization in the Ottoman Empire, his embassy also had immediate repercussions in the Ottoman Empire, notably in the form of the first printing house managed by İbrahim Müteferrika, a Hungarian convert, with help from Esad of Ioannina, a Greek, which published books in Turkish, having been opened in the same year of 1720 as a direct consequence of Mehmed Çelebi's mission in Paris, and under the personal protection and auspices of his son Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha, later grand vizier. Constantinople's renowned Sadabad Gardens, one of the symbols of the Tulip Era were also largely inspired by the gardening techniques used in Tuileries Palace, described in length by the author/ambassador. His book was translated into French in 1757 and also into other Western languages afterwards. After another embassy mission this time in Egypt, Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi who was deeply associated with the Tulip Era, was exiled to Cyprus after the Patrona Halil uprising which put an end to that era and to Ahmed III's reign. He died in Famagusta in 1732 and was buried in the courtyard of Buğday Mosque in that city. His son Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Paşa regained imperial favor shortly afterwards and was dispatched himself for an embassy in Paris in 1742, as well as another more historically significant one in Sweden and Poland, which led to his writing another sefaretname.

• Name — Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi • Born — c. 1670 • Birthplace — Edirne, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) • Died — 1732 • Place of death — Lefkoşa, Cyprus • Occupation — Statesman, diplomat, writer • Notable Works — Sefâretnâme (Book of Embassy) • Title — Ambassador • Children — Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha • Illustration — Departure of Mehemet Effendi from the Tuileries, on 21 March 1721. Sortie de l'ambassadeur, 1721. Pierre-Denis Martin (1663–1742). Musée Carnavalet.

• Illustration — Mehmed Efendi arrives at the Tuileries on 21 March 1721. Charles Parrocel. • Illustration — La sortie de l'ambassadeur turc du Jardin des Tuileries, Gobelins Manufactory, 1734–1737. • Illustration — Mehmed Efendi with the child Louis XV. • Illustration — Mehmed Efendi in Paris.

The authorities additionally record the headings Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi and Yirmisekiz Mehmed Celebi. His recorded languages were Ottoman Turkish, Turkish and Arabic. His recorded confession was Islam. One child is recorded: Mehmed Said Efendi.