Vera Molnár
Vera Molnár (née Gács; 5 January 1924 – 7 December 2023) was a Hungarian media artist who lived and worked in Paris, France. Molnár is widely considered to have been a pioneer of the generative art aspect of computer art. She was one of the first women to use computers in her fine art practice.
Also recorded as Vera Molnar
Vera Molnár

Pantalaskas · Image tirée d'une vidéo pour l' Encyclopédie audiovisuelle de l'art contemporain. Travail personnel. · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Full name
- Veronica Gacs.
- Born
- 1924. · Budapest.
- Died
- 2023. · 13th arrondissement of Paris.
- Nationality
- France.
- Occupation
- painter, sculptor, jewelry designer and artist.
- Fields
- digital art.
- Honours
- Prix Aware.
- Languages
- French.
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Documentary summary
Vera Molnár (née Gács; 5 January 1924 – 7 December 2023) was a Hungarian media artist who lived and worked in Paris, France. Molnár is widely considered to have been a pioneer of the generative art aspect of computer art. She was one of the first women to use computers in her fine art practice.
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Vera Molnár (1924–2023) was an algorithm artist, artist and digital artist, among other activities, of French nationality. The algorithm artist was born Veronica Gacs in Budapest and died in 13th arrondissement of Paris.
Vera Molnár worked in Paris. Activity centred on digital art.
Languages used include French. Works are held at Hungarian National Gallery, Musée National d'Art Moderne and Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, among others. Honours include Prix Aware.
Composed from admitted, traceable facts · 26 September 2026
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wikidata · Q1658002 · wikipedia · Vera Molnár
In this article
Life
Life
In the 1960s, she founded two art groups in France concerned with the use of art and technology: the Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visuel and Art et Informatique. Vera Molnár was born in Hungary, she studied aesthetics and art history at the Hungarian University of Fine Arts. In the 1940s and 1950s, she created abstract paintings. In 1976, her first solo exhibition in the gallery of the London Polytechnic took place. Her work has been widely collected by major museums. In 2007, she was named a Chevalier of Arts and Letters in France. Molnár was selected as one of 213 artists for the 59th Venice Biennale in 2022.
The recorded working language is French. The field of work recorded is digital art. Places of work recorded in the authority are Paris. Work by Vera Molnár is recorded in the collections of Hungarian National Gallery, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe and Musée National d'Art Moderne. Distinctions recorded are Prix Aware.
Vera Molnár, born in 1924 in Hungary, was one of the pioneers of computer and algorithmic arts. Trained as a traditional artist, Molnár studied for a diploma in art history and aesthetics at the Budapest College of Fine Arts, where she graduated in 1947, and where she met her future husband, François Molnár (1922–1993) a scientist, with whom she collaborated. For a short while in 1947 she lived in Rome, before moving to Paris that same year. In 1948, she married Molnár. Molnár iterated combinatorial images from as early as 1959. In 1968 she began working with computers, where she began to create algorithmic paintings based on simple geometric shapes and geometrical themes. Molnár died on 7 December 2023, at the age of 99.
Work
Work
Molnár created her first non-representational images in 1946. These were abstract geometrical and systematically determined paintings. In 1947 she received an artists' fellowship to study in Rome at the Villa Giulia, and shortly after moved to France, where she resided until she died in Paris. In the 1960s, Molnár co-founded several artist research groups. The first, in 1960, was the Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visuel, which investigated collaborative approaches to mechanical and kinetic art. The second was Art et Informatique, with a focus on art and computing. Molnár learned the early programming languages of Fortran and BASIC, and gained access to a computer at a research laboratory in Paris where she began to make computer graphic drawings on a plotter.
Life and career
Dated record
Life and career
The full dated record · 2 entries
1924
Vera Molnár was born in 1924 at Budapest.
2023
Vera Molnár died in 2023 at 13th arrondissement of Paris.
Places
Named by the record
Places
Only places the record itself states, plotted where the house gazetteer settles their coordinates. Nothing is inferred from a name or a nationality.
Budapest.
Birth place
13th arrondissement of Paris.
Death place
Legacy
Molnár was part of the 2010 exhibition "On Line: Drawing Through the Twentieth Century" at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The exhibition demonstrated the history of drawing lines. A 2015 retrospective exhibition called "Regarding the Infinite | Drawings 1950–1987" was held at Senior & Shopmaker Gallery in New York City. A 2024 show at Paris's Centre Pompidou exhibited Molnár's algorithmic work alongside her sketches and notes.
Collections
Collections
Frac Lorraine, France Museum of Fine Arts Houston Museum of Modern Art, New York City Museum Ritter, Waldenbuch, Germany Morgan Library & Museum National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. Tate, London Victoria and Albert Museum, London Kunstmuseum Reutlingen | konkret Los Angeles Country Museum of Art
Documents and archives
Primary material
Documents and archives
Institutional database
- Wikidata, structured authority record Q1658002: Vera Molnár
Scholarly · Wikimedia Foundation
reference work
- “Vera Molnár”, English Wikipedia, consulted as further reading
Reputable secondary · Wikipedia
Awards
In 2005 Molnár received the DAM Digital Arts Award for her life's work, which includes €20,000 prize, and a catalogued exhibition. Vera Molnár's exhibit, (Un)Ordnung.(Dés)Ordre. at the Museum Haus Konstruktiv shows her early freehand drawings never exhibited before, from the late-1960s to the new installation there, at the museum in Zürich. Molnár was appointed Chevalier of Arts and Letters (2007) and won the outstanding merit award AWARE in 2018. Molnár was one of 213 artists announced as part of the 59th Venice Biennale in 2022. The theme for the Venice Biennale is to "Challenge the Idea of 'Men as the Center of the Universe'."
Notes from the source article
Cited by Wikipedia
Notes from the source article
These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
- 1.Whiddington, Richard. A New Show in Paris Celebrates Vera Molnár’s Pioneering Generative Art. Artnet News. 2024-03-08.
- 2.Ars Electronica Archiv. archive.aec.at.
- 3.Art Forum. VENICE BIENNALE REVEALS ARTISTS FOR 2022 EDITION. 2 February 2022.
- 4.François Molnàr ZKM. Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe.
- 5.Williams, Alex. Vera Molnar, Pioneer of Computer Art, Dies at 99. The New York Times. 173. 60006. B6. 2023-12-15. 0362-4331.
- 6.Véra Molnar : Peinture abstraite, art numérique et algorithme.
- 7.Vera Molnár.
- 8.FIELD x Exploring art + technology to create new formats of visual communication. Field.io.
- 9.Artists :: Phase One :: Vera Molnar. DAM.org.
- 10.Vera Molnár, pioneering media artist, 1924–2023. ArtReview. 7 December 2023.
- 11.Le Figaro. Mort de Vera Molnár, femme d'esprit et pionnière de l'art numérique. 7 December 2023.
- 12.Mort de Vera Molnár, femme d'esprit et pionnière de l'art numérique. Le Figaro. 7 December 2023.
- 13.Cubitt, Sean. Women, Art, and Technology. MIT Press. 2003. 978-0-262-13424-8.
- 14.Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visuel (GRAV) ZKM. zkm.de.
- 15.Vera Molnar | Database of Digital Art. Dada.compart-bremen.de. 5 January 1924.
- 16.Greenberger, Alex. Vera Molnár, Computer Art Legend Who Drew with Plotters and Algorithms, Dies at 99. ARTnews. 7 December 2023.
- 17.Vera Molnar MoMA. Museum of Modern Art.
- 18.Cotter, Holland. 'On Line': Drawings Leap Off the Page at MoMA – Review. The New York Times. 1 December 2010. 0362-4331.
- 19.Senior & Shopmaker Gallery — Vera Molnar: Regarding the Infinite | Drawings 1950–1987. Seniorandshopmaker.com.
- 20.Vera Molnar Regarding the Infinite Drawings 1950–1987. www.artnet.com.
- 21.Vera Molnar – DDAA en. Ddaa-online.org.
- 22.|Ddaa| – Ddaa En. Ddaa-online.org.
- 23.Museum Haus Konstruktiv. Vera Molnar – (Un)Ordnung. (Dés)Ordre. 16 February 2015.
- 24.team, Museum Haus Konstruktiv. VERA MOLNAR(UN)ORDNUNG. (DES)ORDRE. 2017. www.hauskonstruktiv.ch.
- 25.Vera Molnar / Haus Konstruktiv Zurich. Elusive Magazine.
- 26.MUA. Vera Molnar Aug 31, 2019 – Feb 9, 2020. 2 February 2022.
- 27.Artspace. Vera Molnar.
- 28.NY Art Beat. Vera Molnar.
- 29.Vivienne Chow. The Venice Biennale's Main Exhibition Will Challenge the Idea of Men as the Center of the Universe. Artnet. 2 February 2022.
- 30.Alex Greensberger. Venice Biennale Names 213 Artists for 'Transhistorical' 2022 Edition. Artnews. 2 February 2022.
- 31.Vera Molnar:Promenade (presque) aléatoire. Fonds régional d’art contemporain de Lorraine: Collection.
- 32.Vera Molnar: Hypertransformation of 20 Concentric Squares. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.
- 33.Vera Molnar MoMA. The Museum of Modern Art.
- 34.Vera Molnar: Sammlung Marli Hoppe-Ritter – Sammlung Marli Hoppe-Ritter. Ritter Museum.
- 35.Morganmobile: Order and Disorder. The Morgan Library & Museum. 29 January 2021.
- 36.Interruptions, 1969. National Gallery of Art: Collections.
- 37.'Transformations 1–21', Vera Molnar, 1976. Tate.
- 38.Museum, Victoria and Albert. Print Molnar, Vera V&A Explore The Collections. Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections. 13 December 1985.
- 39.This Week at LACMA. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. 5 February 2023.
References
Citations
References
Each reference names the institution holding it, so a reader may go to the document itself.
Institutional database
Wikidata, structured authority record Q1658002: Vera MolnárWikimedia Foundation
Institutional witnessreference work
Secondary witness
People, houses and institutions
Knowledge graph
People, houses and institutions
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Died at
1- 13th arrondissement of ParisPlace
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The Encyclopedia exists whether or not anything is for sale. Corrections are recorded rather than overwritten, and every version of this record is kept. Published 14 August 2026.
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