transit instrument
In astronomy, a transit instrument is a small telescope with an extremely precisely graduated mount used for the precise observation of star positions. They were previously widely used in astronomical observatories and naval observatories to measure star positions in order to compile nautical almanacs for use by mariners for celestial navigation, and observe star transits to set extremely accurate clocks (astronomical regulators) which were used to set marine chronometers carried on ships to determine longitude, and as primary time standards before atomic clocks. The instruments can be divided into three groups: meridian, zenith, and universal instruments. • Illustration — Meridian circle at the Kuffner observatory in Vienna, Austria
transit instrument
H. Raab (User:Vesta) · CC BY-SA 3.0
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In astronomy, a transit instrument is a small telescope with an extremely precisely graduated mount used for the precise observation of star positions. They were previously widely used in astronomical observatories and naval observatories to measure star positions in order to compile nautical almanacs for use by mariners for celestial navigation, and observe star transits to set extremely accurate clocks (astronomical regulators) which were used to set marine chronometers carried on ships to determine longitude, and as primary time standards before atomic clocks. The instruments can be divided into three groups: meridian, zenith, and universal instruments. • Illustration — Meridian circle at the Kuffner observatory in Vienna, Austria
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Meridian instruments
Meridian instruments
For observation of star transits in the exact direction of South or North: • Meridian circles, Mural quadrants etc. • Passage instruments (transportable, also for prime vertical transits)
Universal instruments
Universal instruments
Allow transit measurements in any direction • Theodolite (Describing a theodolite as a transit may refer to the ability to turn the telescope a full rotation on the horizontal axis, which provides a convenient way to reverse the direction of view, or to sight the same object with the yoke in opposite directions, which causes some instrumental errors to cancel.) • Altaz telescopes with graduated eyepieces (also for satellite transits) • Cinetheodolites
Zenith instruments
Zenith instruments
• Zenith telescope • Photozenith tube (PZT) • zenith cameras • Danjon astrolabe, Zeiss Ni2 astrolabe, Circumzenital
Observation techniques and accuracy
Observation techniques and accuracy
Depending on the type of instrument, the measurements are carried out • visually and manual time registration (stopwatch, Auge-Ohr-Methode, chronograph) • visually by impersonal micrometer (moving thread with automatic registration) • photographic registration • CCD or other electro optic sensors. The accuracy reaches from 0.2" (theodolites, small astrolabes) to 0.01" (modern meridian circles, Danjon). Early instruments (like the mural quadrants of Tycho Brahe) had no telescope and were limited to about 0.01°.
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- Wikidata, structured authority record Q6933280: transit instrument
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- “Transit instrument”, English Wikipedia, consulted as further reading
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These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
Bibliography printed in the source article · 2
- Karl Ramsayer: Geodätische Astronomie, Vol.2a of Handbuch der Vermessungskunde, 900 p., J.B.Metzler, Stuttgart 1969
- Cauvenet and Brünnow's Handbooks of Spherical Geodesy
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