Togo Murano

His work included large public buildings as well as hotels and department stores and he has been recognised as one of Japan's modern masters.

• Name — Tōgo Murano • Born — 15 May 1891 • Birthplace — Karatsu, Japan • Died — 26 November 1984 • Place of death — Takarazuka, Japan • Education — Waseda University • Practice — Murano and Mori • Significant Buildings — Memorial Cathedral for World Peace, Ube City Public Hall • Awards — Order of Culture in 1967, Elected Honorary Member of the American Institute of Architects in 1970, Honorary Doctorate from Waseda University in 1974

• Illustration — Dining Room of the Argentina Maru, 1939 After serving two years in a volunteer military corps Murano entered the Department of Electrical Engineering at Waseda University in 1913. In 1915 he transferred to the Architecture Department before graduating in 1918. Unlike his contemporaries, he moved from Tōkyō to Ōsaka and started work at the Kansai office of Setsu Watanabe. Murano spent eleven years at Watanabe's office learning all aspects of design and working on many large projects such as offices, commercial buildings and cultural facilities. In 1920 he was sent to America and Europe to further his knowledge and architectural vocabulary. In 1929 he left Watanabe to start his own office. During the Taishō Period when culture in Japan became liberated for the first time from authority, culture became politicised and nationalistic overtones brought modernist architects into conflict with the state. The liberal Murano channelled this conflict into an interest into sukiya architecture which allowed him to balance tradition and modernisation in his work. Unlike his contemporary, Antonin Raymond, Murano courted simplicity, concentrating on the high arts like tea ceremony and conceptual elegance. As well producing many sukiya-style buildings, such as the Kasuien Annex to the Miyako Hotel in Kyoto, Murano used the sukiya style to incorporate Japanese tradition with borrowed elements of Western style. The emphasis of the sukiya style on surfaces, the juxtaposition of materials and elaborate details can be found in his work, for example, the mother-of-pearl encrusted ceiling of the Nihon Seimei Hibiya Building and Nissei Theatre in Tōkyō. In 1949 Murano reorganised his office and entered into partnership with Tiuchi Mori (1908-1999). During Murano's trip to Europe in the 1920s he became interested in Nordic architecture. Aspects of Saarinen's and Östberg's work such as Stockholm City Hall can be seen in his post-war projects such as the Memorial Cathedral for World Peace (1954), Yonago Public Hall (1958) and the Round Library at Kansai University (1959). Some of his later projects introduced angular motifs, circular plans and sensuous curves (like the Tanimura Art Museum in Itoigawa). In others, like the Industrial Bank of Japan, he blurred the boundaries between wall and ground. The scope of Murano's work throughout his career covered many styles of architecture. He was influenced by Japanese and Western architecture but did not commit himself to one particular ideology. Although the sheer volume of his work led him to be criticised as simply a commercial architect, he always gave top priority to the requirements of his clients. He was the author of a few publications in his lifetime. These included Staying above style! in 1919 and The Economic Environment of Architecture in 1926. In his 1931 Looking While Moving he riled against Le Corbusier and the Modern Movement and declared that the skyscrapers of Manhattan were the way forward. In addition to his works of architecture, Murano designed the first-class lounge and dining rooms for the luxury cruise ships, Argentina Maru and Brazil Maru, both launched in 1939. The ships were sunk during World War II. In 1973 Murano was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Waseda University. Docomomo listed five of Murano's buildings in its selection of the 100 most important Japanese modernist buildings. Japanese design magazine Casa Brutus named Murano one of Japan's modern masters in their April 2009 special issue.

This was Murano's debut work after he left Setsu Watanabe's office. Completed in 1931 the Morigo building was a seven storey office building situated in Nihonbashi, Tokyo. The baked salt tiles on the façade give it a warmer presence to the street than would normally be expected for a building of its size. The regularly spaced windows sit flush to external face of the wall and this along with the curved corner and expressed eaves-line reduce visual clutter and give the building clean lines. In 1960 an eighth floor was added but this has not been detrimental to the overall appearance.

• Illustration — Former Ube City Public Hall, 1937, main entrance and six free-standing concrete columns To celebrate 40 years in industry, Ube Industries donated this building to the city of Ube in 1937 to commemorate its founder Yūsaku Watanabe. The complex was designed around a fan shape with the backstage areas at the pinch point of the fan radiating in turn out to the stage, auditorium and entrance plaza. Six free-standing concrete finned columns (three to each side) frame the main entrance and represent each of the six affiliated companies who donated money for the building. Originally the tiles on the three concentric circles of the main façade had a salt-glazed finish in burnt carmine, but during restoration work in 1994 they were replaced with reductive fired tiles in burnt umber. The exposed concrete columns were also painted at that time. The interior of the building reveals more decorative details than the volumetric exterior. Massive circular columns support curving spaces that are lit by indirect natural daylight. The reverse-slab construction of the roof was a pioneer of its day and both the acoustics and visibility are recognised as being excellent.

• Illustration — Kasuien, Miyako Hotel, Kyoto, 1959 Murano designed this annex to the Miyako Hotel in Kyoto in a sukiya style. The site plan of Kasuien is laid out to enclose a garden and was inspired by Kyoto's Daigo-ji. The annex is set out as a series of pavilions set within the sloped landscape and connected by enclosed walkways. Although the overtone of the design is one of the Sukiya tradition, ordered by the principles of the tea ceremony, Murano grafted onto this his own modern interpretation by the use of materials like steel and concrete as the primary structure. He used these materials to change otherwise traditional details making them slimmer and lighter.

The Nishinomiya Trappist Monastery designed in 1969 is situated in the Rokko Mountains in Japan. It is home to about 90 sisters. The building is located on a sloped site in woodland and is planned around an elevated cloister onto which the building elements face. Although it has been compared to Le Corbusier's La Tourette it differs by having a much more intimate relationship with its natural surroundings and a lighter façade.

• 1931 Morigo Company Tokyo branch • 1936 Sogo Department Store, Osaka • 1937 Ube City Public Hal • 1954 Memorial Cathedral for World Peace • 1959 Kasuien, The Miyako Hotel • 1959 Yokohama City Hall, Yokohama • 1969 Nishinomiya Trappist Monastery • 1980 Takarazuka City Hall, Takarazuka • 1983 Tanimura Art Museum, Itoigawa

• Illustration — Tower of Minami Osaka Church, 1928 • Illustration — Kanno Joint Bank HQ, Kanazawa, 1932 • Illustration — Sogo Department Store, Osaka, 1935 • Illustration — Osho Town Hall, Amagasaki, 1938 • Illustration — Ube Bank HQ, 1939 • Illustration — Kashiharajingū-mae Station, 1940 • Illustration — Kabukiza, Shizuoka, 1941 • Illustration — Maruei Department Store, Nagoya, 1953 • Illustration — Yomiuri Hall, at Yurakucho Tokyo, 1957 • Illustration — Shin Kabukiza theater, Osaka, 1958 (demolished 2015) • Illustration — Yokohama City Hall, at Yokohama Kanagawa, 1959 • Illustration — Former Round Library, Kansai University, 1959 • Illustration — Westin Miyako Hotel, Kyoto, main building, 1960 • Illustration — Umeda Ventilation Tower, Osaka, 1963 • Illustration — Nissei Theater, Tokyo, 1963 • Illustration — Former Specialists' Library, Kansai University, 1964 • Illustration — Yaesu Daibiru, at Chuo-ku Tokyo, 1965 • Illustration — Takarazuka Church, 1966 • Illustration — Japan Lutheran Theological College, Tokyo, 1969 • Illustration — Old Industrial Bank of Japan HQ, at Marunouchi Tokyo, 1974 • Illustration — Nishiyama Memorial Hall, Kobe, 1975 (demolished 2012) • Illustration — Daibiru Kōjimachi, Tokyo, 1976 • Illustration — Yatsugatake Art Museum, 1979 • Illustration — Grand Prince Hotel New Takanaya, 1982 • Illustration — The Prince Kyoto Takaragaike, 1986