Thomas Shadwell

• Name — Thomas Shadwell • Office — Poet Laureate of England • Monarch — William III and Mary II • Term Start — 9 March 1689 • Term End — 19 or 20 November 1692 • Predecessor — John Dryden • Successor — Nahum Tate • Born — c. 1642 • Birthplace — Weeting or Lynford, Norfolk, England • Died — 19 November 1692 (aged approx. 49–50) • Place of death — London, England • Occupation — Poet, playwright • Alma Mater — Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge • Awards — Poet laureate • Spouse — Anne Shadwell • Children — 4, including Charles

Shadwell was born at either Bromehill Farm, Weeting-with-Broomhill or Santon House, Lynford, Norfolk, and educated at Bury St Edmunds School, and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, which he entered in 1656. He left the university without a degree and joined the Middle Temple. At the Whig triumph in 1688, he superseded John Dryden as poet laureate and historiographer royal. He died at Chelsea on 19 November 1692. He was buried in Chelsea Old Church, but his tomb was destroyed by wartime bombing. A memorial to him with a bust by Francis Bird survives in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. He was married to the actress Anne Shadwell, who appeared in several of his plays. They had four children, including the playwright Charles Shadwell and John Shadwell, a physician who attended both Queen Anne and King George I.

In 1668 he produced a prose comedy, The Sullen Lovers, or the Impertinents, based on Les Fâcheux by Molière, and written in open imitation of Ben Jonson's comedy of humours. His best plays are Epsom Wells (1672), for which Sir Charles Sedley wrote a prologue, and The Squire of Alsatia (1688). Alsatia was the cant name for the Whitefriars area of London, then a kind of sanctuary for persons liable to arrest, and the play represents, in dialogue full of the local argot, the adventures of a young heir who falls into the hands of the sharpers there. For fourteen years from the production of his first comedy to his memorable encounter with John Dryden, Shadwell produced a play nearly every year. These productions display a hatred of sham, and a rough but honest moral purpose. Although bawdy, they present a vivid picture of contemporary manners. Shadwell is chiefly remembered as the unfortunate Mac Flecknoe of Dryden's satire, the "last great prophet of tautology", and the literary son and heir of Richard Flecknoe: "Shadwell alone, of all my sons, is he Who stands confirm'd in full stupidity. The rest to some faint meaning make pretence, But Shadwell never deviates into sense." Dryden had furnished Shadwell with a prologue to his True Widow (1679) and, in spite of momentary differences, the two had been on friendly terms. But when Dryden converted to Catholicism, joined the court party and produced Absalom and Achitophel and The Medal, Shadwell became the champion of the Protestants and made a scurrilous attack on Dryden in The Medal of John Bayes: a Satire against Folly and Knavery (1682). Dryden immediately retorted in Mac Flecknoe, or a Satire on the True Blue Protestant Poet, T.S. (1682), in which Shadwell's personal attacks were returned with interest. In 1687, Shadwell attempted to answer these attacks in a version of Juvenal's 10th Satire. However, Dryden's portrait of Shadwell as Og in the second part of Absalom and Achitophel cut far deeper and has withstood the test of time: "A monstrous mass of foul corrupted matter, As all the devils had spew'd to make the batter. When wine has given him courage to blaspheme, He curses God, but God before curst him; [...] The midwife laid her hand on his thick skull, With this prophetic blessing-- Be thou dull; Drink, swear and roar, forbear no lewd delight Fit for thy bulk, do anything but write". Nonetheless, due to the political triumph of the Whig party in 1688, Shadwell superseded his enemy as Poet Laureate and historiographer royal. His son, Charles Shadwell was also a playwright. A scene from his play The Stockjobbers was included as an introduction in Caryl Churchill's Serious Money (1987).

•:Dear Pretty Youth • Dear pretty youth, unveil your eyes, How can you sleep when I am by? Were I with you all night to be, Methinks I could from sleep be free. Alas, my dear, you're cold as stone: You must no longer lie alone. But be with me my dear, and I in each arm Will hug you close and keep you warm.

•: Love in their little veins inspires • Love in their little veins inspires their cheerful notes, their soft desires. While heat makes buds and blossoms spring, those pretty couples love and sing. But winter puts out their desire, and half the year they want love's fire.

•: Nymphs and Shepherds • Nymphs and shepherds, come away. In ye groves let's sport and play, For this is Flora's holiday, Sacred to ease and happy love, To dancing, to music and to poetry; Your flocks may now securely rove Whilst you express your jollity. Nymphs and shepherds, come away.