Pannonica de Koenigswarter

• Name — Baroness Pannonica de Koenigswarter • Birth Name — Kathleen Annie Pannonica Rothschild • Born — 10 December 1913 • Birthplace — London, UK • Died — 30 November 1988 • Place of death — New York City, US • Parents — Charles Rothschild Rózsika Rothschild • Children — 5 • Known for — Patronage of jazz • Occupation — * Patron • photographer • writer • Notable Works — Three Wishes: An Intimate Look at Jazz Greats

• Illustration — Her childhood home, Waddesdon Manor Kathleen Annie Pannonica Rothschild was born in December 1913, in London, the youngest daughter of Charles Rothschild and his wife, Hungarian baroness Rózsika Edle von Wertheimstein, daughter of Baron Alfred von Wertheimstein of Bihar County. She was born into a branch of the wealthiest family in the world at the time. Her paternal grandfather was Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild. She grew up in Tring Park Mansion as well as Waddesdon Manor, among other family houses. The name "Pannonica" (shortened to "Nica" as a nickname) derives from Eastern Europe's Pannonian plain. Her friend Thelonious Monk reported that she was named after a species of butterfly her father had discovered, although her great-niece has found that the source of the name is a rare species of moth, Eublemma pannonica. She was a niece of Walter Rothschild, the 2nd Baron Rothschild, and her brother Victor Rothschild became the 3rd Baron Rothschild. Her elder sister was the zoologist and author Dame Miriam Rothschild. Attracted from a young age to drawing and painting, she won a silver medal at the Royal Drawing Society at the age of eleven. In the early thirties, she studied art history in Venice, Vienna and Munich. She also began to take an interest in photography. It was at Le Touquet airport, where she learned to fly an airplane, that she met French diplomat Baron Jules de Koenigswarter, later a Free French hero. They married in 1935. In 1937, they bought and moved to the Château d'Abondant, a 17th-century château in north-west France they acquired from the family of American banker Henry Herman Harjes (who had acquired the château in 1920 from the Duchesse de Vallombrosa). After the war, her husband entered the French diplomatic service and they settled in Norway and then in Mexico City (where he was counselor of the French Embassy). The couple, who had five children, separated in 1951, and she moved to New York City, renting a suite at The Stanhope Hotel. Jules eventually filed for divorce, which was granted in 1956 along with custody of their three minor children. In 1958, she purchased a house in Weehawken, New Jersey with a Manhattan skyline view, originally built for film director Josef von Sternberg. Koenigswarter died of heart failure in 1988, aged 74, at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, in New York City. She had five children, two grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

During World War II, Jules de Koenigswarter joined the Free French Army to fight against Nazi Germany. Nica initially remained in France at the Château d'Abondant, opening her doors to passing refugees and evacuees. However, Jules urged Nica that she must escape. She managed to send her children from France to America, placing them with the Guggenheim family on Long Island, and joined the Free French Army alongside her husband in Equatorial Africa where she worked as a decoder for Gaullist intelligence, served as a radio host at Radio Brazzaville, before becoming an ambulance driver for the 1st Free French Division in Egypt and North Africa during the North African Campaign. At the close of the war she was decorated as a lieutenant by the allied armies. Nica would later be depicted on the album cover of Thelonious Monk's Underground as a French Resistance fighter.

In New York, de Koenigswarter became a friend and patron of leading jazz musicians, hosting jam sessions in her hotel suite, often driving them in her Bentley when they needed a lift to gigs, as well as sometimes helping them to pay rent, buy groceries, and making hospital visits. Although not a musician herself, she is sometimes referred to as the "bebop baroness" or "jazz baroness" because of her patronage of Thelonious Monk and Charlie Parker among others. Following Parker's death in her Stanhope rooms in 1955, de Koenigswarter was asked to leave by the hotel management; she re-located to the Bolivar Hotel at 230 Central Park West, a building commemorated in Thelonious Monk's 1956 composition "Ba-lue Bolivar Ba-lues-are". She was introduced to Thelonious Monk by jazz pianist/composer Mary Lou Williams in Paris while attending the "Salon du Jazz 1954". She championed his work in the United States, writing the liner notes for his 1962 Columbia album Criss-Cross. She even took criminal responsibility when she and Monk were charged with marijuana possession by Delaware police in 1958, spending a few nights in jail. De Koenigswarter was sentenced to three years in prison. After a two-year legal battle that was financed by her family, the case was dismissed in a court of appeals on a technicality. She was a regular visitor to many of New York's jazz clubs, including the Five Spot Café, Village Vanguard, and Birdland. In 1957, she bought a new piano for the Five Spot because she thought the existing one was not good enough for Monk's performances there. She also did the cover art for Bud Powell's album A Portrait of Thelonious. During the 1950s, she was licensed as a manager by the American Federation of Musicians. Her clients included Horace Silver, Hank Mobley, Sir Charles Thompson, and The Jazz Messengers. Horace Silver said about her: "I recall playing a week with the Jazz Messengers at a jazz club in Youngstown, Ohio. The club owner refused to give Art Blakey any money because the band had started late several times and we hadn't drawn a crowd. There we were in Youngstown, Ohio, with a week's hotel bill to pay and none of us had any money. I could just picture myself being put in jail because I couldn't pay my hotel bill. But Art called the Baroness, and she wired us some money so we could pay our hotel bills and return to New York. She was a great lover of jazz music and a wonderful person." Sonny Rollins added: "She realized that jazz needed any kind of help it could get, especially the musicians. She was monetarily helpful to a lot who were struggling. But more than that, she was with us. By being with the baroness, we could go places and feel like human beings. It certainly made us feel good. I don’t know how you could measure it. But it was a palpable thing. I think she was a heroic woman.” Hampton Hawes recalled in his memoir Raise Up Off Me: After Monk ended his public performances in the mid-1970s, he retired to de Koenigswarter's house in Weehawken, New Jersey, where he died in 1982. She used her wealth to pay for the funerals and burial grounds for several jazz musician friends, including Bud Powell, Sonny Clark and Coleman Hawkins.

There are many compositions dedicated to her: Thelonious Monk's "Pannonica", Gigi Gryce's "Nica's Tempo", Sonny Clark's "Nica", Horace Silver's "Nica's Dream", Kenny Dorham's "Tonica", Kenny Drew's "Blues for Nica", Doug Watkins' "Panonica", Freddie Redd's "Nica Steps Out", Barry Harris's "Inca", Tommy Flanagan's "Thelonica", Frank Turner's "Nica" and more were all named after her. The San Francisco art rock band Oxbow released a recording entitled "Pannonica" (unrelated to the Thelonious Monk composition) with reissues of their 1991 album King of the Jews. A famous jazz club in Nantes, France, is called "Le Pannonica".

In April 2009, a television portrait entitled The Jazz Baroness, written and directed by her great-niece Hannah Rothschild, was broadcast on the television channel BBC Four and repeated on 19 February 2012. It was broadcast in the US by HBO on 25 November 2009. A radio documentary by Rothschild of Nica, The Jazz Baroness, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 12 February 2008. Rothschild has also written the biography detailed below.

• Youssef Daoudi, Monk!: Thelonious, Pannonica, and the Friendship Behind a Musical Revolution (2018) • Hannah Rothschild, The Baroness: The Search for Nica the Rebellious Rothschild (2012) • David Kastin, Nica's Dream: The Life and Legend of the Jazz Baroness (2011)

Pannonica de Koenigswarter was recorded at birth as Kathleen Annie Pannonica Rothschild. The authorities additionally record the headings Nica, Pannonica, Hon. Her recorded languages were French and English. She was the child of Charles Rothschild and Rózsika Rothschild. She married Jules de Koenigswarter. One child is recorded: Kari de Koenigswarter.

Pannonica de Koenigswarter is recorded as patron of the arts, melomania, photographer and painter.