Norman McLaren
William Norman McLaren, (11 April 1914 – 27 January 1987) was a Scottish-Canadian animator, director and producer known for his work for the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). He was a pioneer in a number of areas of animation and filmmaking, including hand-drawn animation, drawn-on-film animation, visual music, abstract film, pixilation and graphical sound. McLaren was also an artist and printmaker, and explored his interest in dance in his films.
Also recorded as Norman MacLaren · William Norman McLaren
Norman McLaren
Jack Long/National Film Board of Canada · Library and Archives Canada does not allow free use of its copyrighted works. See Category:Images from Library and Archives Canada. · Public domain
- Born
- 1914.
- Died
- 1987.
- Nationality
- Canada.
- Occupation
- film director, animator, screenwriter, cinematographer, director, producer and comics artist.
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Early life
Early life
His films garnered numerous awards, including one Oscar, one Palme d'Or, three BAFTA Awards and six Venice Film Festival awards.
Norman McLaren was born in Stirling, Scotland, on 11 April 1914. He had two older siblings, one brother, Jack and a sister, Sheena. At the age of 21, he travelled to the Soviet Union for a holiday which confirmed his communist beliefs, although his father had paid for the trip in hopes of dispelling them. When McLaren was 22, he left Stirling and studied set design at the Glasgow School of Art. While there, he joined the Kinecraft Society; within the society, he began to experiment with different styles and techniques of filmmaking. It was also at the Glasgow School of Art that McLaren met Helen Biggar. McLaren and Biggar produced films together outside the School and sought to have their productions released nationally. His early experiments with film and animation included actually scratching and painting the film stock itself, as he did not have ready access to a camera. One of his earliest extant films, Seven Till Five (1933), a "day in the life of an art school" was influenced by Eisenstein and displays a strongly formalist attitude. McLaren's film Camera Makes Whoopee (1935), was a more elaborate take on the themes explored in Seven Till Five, inspired by his acquisition of a Ciné-Kodak camera, which enabled him to execute a number of 'trick' shots. McLaren used what would later be called 'pixilation' effects, superimpositions and animation not only to display the staging of an art school ball, but also to tap into the aesthetic sensations supposedly produced by this event. His two early films won prizes at the Scottish Amateur Film Festival, where fellow Scot and future NFB founder John Grierson was a judge.
Documentary record
Norman McLaren, an animator, cinematographer, cartoonist, film-maker, muralist, painter and printmaker, was born on 11 April 1914 in Stirling and died on 27 January 1987 in Hudson. Both events are recorded by the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Getty Union List of Artist Names.
Solomon Guggenheim Foundation
Solomon Guggenheim Foundation
McLaren then moved to New York City in 1939, just as World War II was about to begin in Europe. With a grant from the Solomon Guggenheim Foundation, he worked in New York until 1941, making drawn-on-film animated works, including Boogie-Doodle (1940), along with Dots, Loops and Stars and Stripes.
NFB
NFB
In 1941, at the invitation of Grierson, McLaren moved to Ottawa to work for the National Film Board and open an animation studio and to train Canadian animators. Upon his arrival in Canada, he made two films with the American director Mary Ellen Bute—Spook Sport and Tarantella. Grierson asked him to direct a promotional film reminding Canadians to mail their Christmas cards early, Mail Early (1941). He then worked on animated shorts as well as maps for Allied propaganda documentary films, followed by his War Bonds campaign films: V for Victory (1941), 5 for 4 (1942), Hen Hop (1942), Dollar Dance (1943) and Tic Tac Toe (1943). In 1943, he also produced the six-film series of animated French songs, Chants Populaire. In 1944 and 1945, he would do a similar series in English with Let's All Sing Together. As of 1942, McLaren could no longer keep up with the demands for animation at the fast-growing NFB, and he was asked by Grierson to recruit art students and create a small animation team, a task made more difficult because many young students had gone off to fight in the war. McLaren found recruits for his fledgling animation unit at the École des beaux-arts de Montréal and the Ontario College of Art, including René Jodoin, George Dunning, Jim McKay, Grant Munro and his future collaborator, Evelyn Lambart. McLaren trained these emerging animators, who would all work on cartoons, animated cards and propaganda documentaries before going on to make their own films. Studio A, the NFB's first animation studio, formally came into existence as of January 1943, with McLaren as its head. During his work for the NFB, McLaren made 70 films, including Begone Dull Care (1949), Rythmetic (1956), Christmas Cracker (1963), Pas de Deux (1968), and the Oscar-winning Neighbours (1952), which is a brilliant combination of visuals and sound, and has a strong social message against violence and war. McLaren won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film for Blinkity Blank (1955), which he later selected as his diploma piece when he was inducted into the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts in 1974.
UNESCO
UNESCO
In addition to film, McLaren worked with UNESCO in the 1950s and 1960s on programs to teach film and animation techniques in China and India. His five part "Animated Motion" shorts, produced in the late 1970s, are an excellent example of instruction on the basics of film animation.
Birth centenary events
Birth centenary events
The 100th anniversary of the birth of McLaren was marked by a project entitled "McLaren Wall-to-Wall" in Montreal's Quartier des Spectacles entertainment district, with short films inspired by McLaren works Neighbours, Begone Dull Care, Synchromy and Spheres projected onto local landmarks. McLaren's centenary was also celebrated in Scotland with the McLaren 2014 Programme of screenings, exhibitions, events and animation workshops. The Programme was conceived of and directed by animator Iain Gardner who also serves as the Animation Programmer for the Edinburgh International Film Festival. The programme was a key focus within the 68th Edinburgh International Film Festival in June, and ran through to the end of the XX Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in August. The McLaren 2014 Programme was managed by the Centre for the Moving Image, working in partnership with the National Film Board of Canada, and over 20 partners in Scotland and the UK. In April 2014 his only surviving nephew Douglas Biggar (younger son of Sheena) unveiled a blue heritage plaque on his childhood home marking the centenary of his birth.
Personal life
Personal life
McLaren was gay. His life partner was fellow NFB director Guy Glover, whom he met at the ballet in London in 1937. They remained together until McLaren's death in 1987.
GPO Film Unit
Grierson, who was at that time head of the UK General Post Office film unit, saw another of his movies at an amateur film festival and hired McLaren. McLaren worked at the GPO from 1936 to 1939, making eight films including Defence of Madrid, Book Bargain (1937), Mony a Pickle, Love on the Wing (1938), and News for the Navy (1938).
Legacy
McLaren is remembered for his experiments with image and sound as he developed a number of groundbreaking techniques for combining and synchronizing animation with music. Emilio Martí López argues that McLaren's homosexuality can be found in his experimental animation, observing that his techniques of abstract and experimental animation avoid the gender binary. The National Film Board honoured McLaren by naming its Montreal head office building the Norman McLaren Building. The Montreal borough of Saint-Laurent, which is home to the NFB, has also honoured McLaren by naming a borough district after him. In 1979, the new Edinburgh Filmhouse included two seats dedicated to McLaren and Grierson. In 2006, McLaren was the subject of a short animated documentary McLaren's Negatives. Also in 2006, the Film Board marked the 65th anniversary of NFB animation with an international retrospective of McLaren's restored classics and a new DVD box set of his complete works. In June 2013, the NFB released an iTunes app entitled "McLaren's Workshop," allowing users to create their own films using animation techniques utilized by McLaren and providing access to over fifty of his films. In June 2018, Robert Lepage, principal dancer Guillaume Côté and the National Ballet of Canada staged a ballet entitled Frame by Frame, based on McLaren's life and work. Filmmaker George Lucas has cited McLaren as an influence on his own work. In 2024, UK independent record label Phantom Limb and Canadian independent record label We Are Busy Bodies collaborated on a release of McLaren's musical compositions for film, making the soundtracks publicly available for the first time.
Honours
Honours
In 1968, McLaren was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and, in 1973, Companion of the Order of Canada. In 1954, the Locarno Film Festival included a block of programming title Homage to Norman McLaren. In 1975, he was presented with the Winsor McCay Award in recognition of his lifetime contributions to the art of animation. In 1977, he received an honorary doctorate from Concordia University. In 1982, he was the first anglophone to receive the Prix Albert-Tessier, given to persons for an outstanding career in Québec cinema. In 1985, McLaren was named Chevalier of the National Order of Quebec. In 1986, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the World Festival of Animated Film – Animafest Zagreb. In 2009, McLaren's works were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme, listing the most significant documentary heritage collections in the world.
Awards
Awards
Hen Hop (1942) World Festival of Film, Brussels: Special Award, 1949 A Little Phantasy on a 19th-Century Painting (1946) Salerno Short Film Festival, Salerno: Chamber of Commerce of Salerno Cup for Best Avant-garde Film, 1950 Fiddle-de-dee (1947) Salerno Short Film Festival, Salerno, Italy: First Prize, Gulf of Salerno Trophy of the Festival, 1950 International Review of Specialized Cinematography, Rome: Certificate of Honour, Film Production in General, 1955 International Review of Specialized Cinematography, Rome: Diploma of Honour, 1957 World Festival of Film, Brussels: Special Award, 1949 Begone Dull Care (1949) Venice Film Festival, Venice: First Prize, Art Films, 1950 2nd Canadian Film Awards, Ottawa: Special Award, Experimentation, 1950 Salerno Short Film Festival, Salerno: Honourable Mention, Miscellaneous Film, 1950 Berlin International Film Festival, Berlin: Silver Medal, Documentary Short Film, 1951 American Federation of Arts and Film Advisory Center Film Festival, Woodstock, New York: Best Experimental Film, 1952 Durban International Film Festival, Durban: First Place, Silver Medal, Experimental, 1954 Dots (1940) and Loops (1940) (released together 1949) 1st Canadian Film Awards, Ottawa: Special Award for Experimental Film, 1949 International Review of Specialized Cinematography, Rome: Diploma of Honour, 1955 Salerno Short Film Festival, Salerno: Honourable Mention, Miscellaneous Film, 1950 Pen Point Percussion (1951) Venice Film Festival, Venice: Honourable Mention, Experimental Films, 1951 Now is the Time (1951) 4th Canadian Film Awards, Special Award for Experimental Filmmaking, 1952 (with Around Is Around) Around Is Around (1951) BFI London Film Festival, London: Nominee: Best Animation, 1957 4th Canadian Film Awards, Special Award for Experimental Filmmaking, 1952 (with Now is the Time) Neighbours (1952) 25th Academy Awards, Los Angeles: Oscar for Best Documentary, Short Subject, 1953 Boston Film Festival, Boston: Award of Merit, Adult Education, 1953 5th Canadian Film Awards, Montreal: Honourable Mention, 1953 Salerno Short Film Festival, Salerno: Gulf of Salerno Grand Trophy, 1954 Yorkton Film Festival, Yorkton, Saskatchewan: Third Award, Sociology, 1954 International Review of Specialized Cinematography, Rome: Certificate of Honour, 1955 International Review of Specialized Cinematography, Rome: Diploma of Honour, 1957 Golden Gate International Film Festival, San Francisco: Redwood Award for Special Merit, Film as Communication, 1967 Calvin Workshop Awards, Kansas City, Missouri: Notable Film Award, 1968 25th Academy Awards, Los Angeles: Nominee: Best Live Action, Short Subject, 1953 A Phantasy (1952) Venice Film Festival, Venice: Second Prize, Experimental Films, 1952 Boston Film Festival, Boston: First Place, Arts, 1953 5th Canadian Film Awards, Montreal: Special Award, Non-Theatrical, 1953 Blinkity Blank (1955) Cannes Film Festival, Cannes: Short Film Palme d'Or, 1955 9th British Academy Film Awards, London: BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film, 1956 Berlin International Film Festival, Berlin: Silver Bear, 1955 Franco-American International Film Festival, Paris: Fourth Prize, 1955 Edinburgh International Film Festival, Edinburgh: Diploma of Merit, 1955 Cape Town International Film Festival, Cape Town: Certificate of Merit, Documentary, 1955 Durban International Film Festival, Durban: Certificate of Merit, Documentary, 1955 SODRE International Festival of Documentary and Experimental Films, Montevideo, Uruguay: First Honourable Mention, Experimental Films, 1956 Rythmetic (1956) 6th Berlin International Film Festival, Berlin: Silver Bear, Short Films, 1956 Edinburgh International Film Festival, Edinburgh: Diploma of Merit, 1956 Rapallo International Film Festival, Rapallo, Italy: First Prize, Abstract Films, 1957 International Review of Specialized Cinematography, Rome: Diploma of Honour, 1957 Chicago Festival of Contemporary Arts, University of Illinois Chicago: First Prize 1957 Golden Reel International Film Festival, Film Council of America, New York: Silver Reel Award, Avant-Garde and Experimental, 1957 Durban International Film Festival, Durban: Certificate of Merit, 1957 Johannesburg International Film Festival, Johannesburg: Certificate of Merit, 1957 A Chairy Tale (1957) Venice Film Festival, Venice: First Prize, Experimental and Avant-garde, 1957 11th British Academy Film Awards, London: Special BAFTA Award for "work lying outside the feature and documentary fields", 1958 Rapallo International Film Festival, Rapallo, Italy: Second Prize, Experimental, 1958 10th Canadian Film Awards, Toronto: Award of Merit, Non-Theatrical, Arts and Experimental, 1958 30th Academy Awards, Los Angeles: Nominee: Best Live Action Short Subject, 1958 Le Merle (1958) SODRE International Festival of Documentary and Experimental Films, Montevideo, Uruguay: Honourable Mention, 1956 Locarno Film Festival, Locarno, Switzerland: Diploma of Honour, 1958 World Festival of Film, Brussels: First Prize for Best Use of Colour, 1958 Ibero-American-Filipino Documentary Film Contest, Bilbao: Special Mention, 1959 International Review of Specialized Cinematography, Rome: Diploma of Honour, 1959 American Film and Video Festival, New York: Blue Ribbon, Films as Art, 1960 Short and Suite (1959) Venice Film Festival, Venice: CIDALC Prize, 1959 Bergamo Film Meeting, Bergamo: Special Mention, 1959 Serenal (1959) Ibero-American-Filipino Documentary Film Contest, Bilbao: Special Mention, 1959 Bergamo Film Meeting, Bergamo: Special Mention, 1959 San Sebastián International Film Festival, San Sebastián: Special Mention, 1959 Lines: Vertical (1960) Venice Film Festival, Venice: First Prize, Experimental, 1960 BFI London Film Festival, London: Outstanding Film of the Year for Presentation, 1960 Edinburgh International Film Festival, Edinburgh: Diploma of Merit, 1960 CIDALC Festival of Music and Dance in Film, Valencia: First Prize, 1961 13th Canadian Film Awards, Toronto: Best Film, Arts and Experimental, 1961 New York Lightboard (1961) Festival of Tourist and Folklore Films, Brussels: Special Jury Prize for Originality, 1961 Christmas Cracker (1963) Golden Gate International Film Festival, San Francisco: First Prize, Best Animated Short, 1964 Electronic, Nuclear and Teleradio Cinematographic Review, Rome: Grand Prize for Technique, Films for Children, 1965 Electronic, Nuclear and Teleradio Cinematographic Review, Rome: Grand Prize for Animation Technique, 1965 Film Centrum Foundation Film Show, Naarden, Netherlands: Silver Squirrel, Second Prize 1966 Philadelphia International Festival of Short Films, Philadelphia: Award of Exceptional Merit, 1967 Landers Associates Annual Awards, Los Angeles: Award of Merit, 1965 37th Academy Awards, Los Angeles: Nominee: Best Short Subject – Cartoons, 1965 Canon (1964) Montreal International Film Festival, Montreal: First Prize, Best Animated Film, 1965 3rd International Film Festival of India, New Delhi: Bronze Peacock, Second Prize, 1965 17th Canadian Film Awards, Toronto: Genie Award for Best Film, Arts and Experimental, 1965 Mosaic (1965) Vancouver International Film Festival, Vancouver: Certificate of Merit, 1965 FIBA International Festival of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires: First Prize, 1966 Melbourne Film Festival, Melbourne: First Prize, 1966 American Film and Video Festival, New York: Blue Ribbon, 1966 Calvin Workshop Awards, Kansas City, Missouri: Notable Film Award, 1966 Pas de deux (1968) 22nd British Academy Film Awards, London: BAFTA Award for Best Short Animation, 1969 BFI London Film Festival, London: Outstanding Film of the Year, 1968 Chicago International Film Festival, Chicago: Special Plaque of the Jury, 1968 20th Canadian Film Awards, Toronto: Special Prize for Outstanding Artistic Achievement, 1968 FIBA International Festival of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires: Silver Cabildo for the Most Original Film, 1968 Cambodia International Film Festival, Phnom Penh: First Prize, Short Film, 1968 Locarno Film Festival, Locarno, Switzerland: Diploma of Honour, 1968 Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne: Grand Prize, Short Subject, 1969 Film Critics and Journalists Association of Ceylon, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Golden Plaque, Short Film, 1969 International Film Festival of Ballet, Nervi: Silver Orchid Award, 1969 Yorkton Film Festival, Yorkton, Saskatchewan: First Place, Creative Art, 1969 Colombo International Film Festival, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Honourable Mention, Short Film, 1969 Salerno Short Film Festival, Salerno, Italy: Trophy of the Festival, 1970 Panama International Film Festival, Panama City, Panama: Award for Best Short Film, 1970 International Festival of Short Films, Philadelphia: Top Film of the Festival, 1971 American Film and Video Festival, New York: Blue Ribbon, 1970 American Film and Video Festival, New York: Emily Award, 1970 Festival of Music and Dance, Menton: Prize of the Secretary of State to the Prime Minister in charge of Youth, Sports and Leisure, 1971 41st Academy Awards, Los Angeles: Nominee (as Duo): Best Live Action Short Subject, 1969 Spheres (1969) International Festival of Experimental and Documentary Films, Córdoba, Argentina: Special Mention, Experimental, 1970 Synchronomy (1971) International Week of Cinema in Colour, Barcelona: Gold Medal, 1971 Annecy International Animation Film Festival, Annecy: Special Jury Mention, Short Films, 1971 Philadelphia International Festival of Short Films, Philadelphia: Award of Exceptional Merit, 1971 FIBA International Festival of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires: Cabildo de Plata for Most Original Film, 1972 Melbourne Film Festival, Melbourne: Silver Boomerang, 1972 American Film and Video Festival, New York: Blue Ribbon, Experimental, 1972 Rockville Film Festival, Rockville, Maryland: Certificate of Honour, 1972 Ballet Adagio (1972) Atlanta Film Festival: Silver Medal, Live Action Short, 1973 Columbus International Film & Animation Festival, Columbus, Ohio: Bronze Plaque, Art and Culture, 1973 Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne: Diploma of Merit, 1973 Tisquesusa Dorado International Festival of Short Films, Bogotá: First Prize, Artistic Field, 1980 Animated Motion (1976) Athens International Film/Video Festival, Athens, Georgia: Special Merit Award, 1978 Narcissus (1983) International Film Festival of India, New Delhi: Golden Peacock for Best Short Film of the Festival, 1984 Dance on Camera Festival, New York: Gold Star Award, 1984 Yorkton Film Festival, Yorkton: Golden Sheaf for Best Experimental Film, 1984 American Film and Video Festival, New York: Honorable Mention, Visual Essays, 1984 Columbus International Film & Animation Festival, Columbus, Ohio: Honorable Mention, 1984 Cartagena International Film Festival, Murcia, Spain: Special Mention 1985 International Romantic Film Festival, Divonne-les-Bains: First Prize/Madame de Stael Prize, 1985
Text attribution
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The biographical narrative on this page is based on the Wikipedia article Norman McLaren, revision 1369768103 (EN edition), by its contributors. VALÉORINE has edited that text and built its own documentary record around it. The reused material is available under CC BY-SA 4.0, and this page's reuse of it is offered under the same licence. Everything else on this page — the chronology, the holdings, the evidence, the plates and the connections — is VALÉORINE's own record. Sources and licences.
Notes from the source article
Cited by Wikipedia
Notes from the source article
These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
- 1.Rosenthal, Alan. The new documentary in action: a casebook in film making. University of California Press, 1972. 267-8. Print.
- 2.Schaffer, Bill. The Riddle of the Chicken: The Work of Norman McLaren. Senses of Cinema. 35. 2005.
- 3.Clark, Ken. Tribute to Norman McLaren. Animator. 19. 2. Summer 1987.
- 4.Burant, Jim. Ottawa Art & Artists: An Illustrated History. Art Canada Institute. 2022. 978-1-4871-0289-0.
- 5.Kozlov, Vladimir. Movie of the week – Norman McLaren retrospective. Moscow News. 28 May 2009.
- 6.Dobson, Nichola. Norman McLaren : between the frames. Bloomsbury Academic. 25 January 2018. 978-1-5013-2879-4.
- 7.Liz Faber, Helen Walters. Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940. Laurence King Publishing. 1929. 2003. 1-85669-346-5.
- 8.St-Pierre, Marc. 70 Years of Animation, Part 2 – Norman McLaren. NFB Blog. National Film Board of Canada. December 2011.
- 9.Dobson, Nichola. Norman McLaren: Between the Frames. Bloomsbury Academic. 87. 2017. 978-1-5013-2881-7.
- 10.Ortega, Marcos. Norman McLaren: The Master's Edition. Experimental Cinema. 16 July 2006.
- 11.Beckerman, Howard. Animation: The Whole Story. Allworth Press. 51–52. February 2004. 978-1-58115-301-9.
- 12.Martí López, Emilio. El armario de McLaren: expresión y ocultación del deseo homosexual en la filmografía de Norman McLaren, a través de la reinvención del cuerpo y el espacio. Con A de animación. 6. 152–173. 2016-05-16. 10.4995/caa.2016.4802.
- 13.Amidi, Amid. NFB's Free McLaren's Workshop iPad App is a Must-Download. Cartoon Brew. 7 June 2013.
- 14.Demara, Bruce. National Ballet and Robert Lepage team on work honouring Norman McLaren. Toronto Star. 2017-02-15.
- 15.Silberman, Steve. Life After Darth. Wired. 1059-1028.
- 16.The Quietus review of McLaren soundtrack album. Thequietus.com.
- 17.Milligan, Mercedes. NFB Invites Artists to Celebrate McLaren's 100th. Animation. 5 December 2013.
- 18.McGill, Hannah. McLaren 2014 festival shines a light on underappreciated experimental filmmaker Norman McLaren. The List. 27 March 2014.
- 19.Wood, Aaron. “Happy 100th Birthday Norman McLaren!”. Skwigly. Published 11 April 2014. Accessed 7 March 2023.
- 20.Governor General of Canada. Mr. Norman McLaren. gg.ca.
- 21.Locarno Film Festival. 8th Locarno Film Festival 1954. locarnofestival.ca.
- 22.52nd Annual Annie Awards. The Annie Awards.
- 23.Locke, John. Honorary degree citation - Norman McLaren. Concordia.ca. Concordia University.
- 24.Ordre national du Quebec. Norman McLaren. ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca.
- 25.Animafest. Animafest.hr.
- 26.Boswell, Randy. Montreal filmmaker honoured by UN. Montreal Gazette. Canwest. September 2010.
- 27.McWilliams, Donald. Creative Process: Norman McLaren. 1990.
- 28.Glassman, Marc. Norman McLaren: Animation genius created poetry. Playback. Brunico Communications. 17 August 2009.
- 29.British Film Institute. Norman McLaren.
- 30.National Film Board of Canada. Production Personnel: Norman McLaren. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 31.National Film Board of Canada. Hen Hop. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 32.National Film Board of Canada. A Little Phantasy on a 19th-century Painting. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 33.National Film Board of Canada. Fiddle-de-dee. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 34.Berlinale. Begone Dull Care. berlinale.de.
- 35.National Film Board of Canada. Begone Dull Care. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 36.National Film Board of Canada. Loops. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 37.National Film Board of Canada. Dots. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 38.National Film Board of Canada. Pen Point Percussion. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 39.National Film Board of Canada. Now is the Time. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 40.National Film Board of Canada. Around is Around. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 41.National Film Board of Canada. Neighbours. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 42.National Film Board of Canada. A Phantasy. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 43.6th Berlin International Film Festival: Prize Winners. berlinale.de.
- 44.National Film Board of Canada. Lines: Vertical. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 45.National Film Board of Canada. Canon. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 46.National Film Board of Canada. Mosaic. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
- 47.NFB – Collection – Pas de deux.
- 48.National Film Board of Canada. Animated Motion. onf-nfb.gc.ca.
Bibliography printed in the source article · 9
- Burant, Jim. Ottawa Art & Artists: An Illustrated History. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2022.
- Dominique Chateau, "Norman McLaren : pensée-cinéma et cinéplastique", Nouvelles Vues, issue 17, winter-spring 2016 : Nouvelles vues - Norman McLaren : pensée-cinéma et cinéplastique
- Raphaël Bassan, "Norman McLaren : le silence de Prométhée", in Les Cahiers de Paris expérimental, no 17 (in French) (2004)*
- Olivier Cotte (2007) Secrets of Oscar-winning animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations. (Making of Neighbours) Focal Press.
- Alfio Bastiancich, "Norman McLaren: Précurseur des Nouvelles Images", Dreamland èditeur, Paris (1997) (in French)
- Martí López, E. (2016) «El armario de McLaren: expresión y ocultación del deseo homosexual en la filmografía de Norman McLaren, a través de la reinvención del cuerpo y el espacio», Con A de animación, (6), pp. 152–173. doi: 10.4995/caa.2016.4802.
- Rogers, Holly and Jeremy Barham: The Music and Sound of Experimental Film, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
- Dobson, Nichola. Norman McLaren: Between the Frames. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. .
- Burant, Jim. Ottawa Art & Artists: An Illustrated History. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2022. ISBN 978-1-4871-0289-0
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