Michael Hardt

A sequel, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire was published in August 2004. It outlines an idea first propounded in Empire, which is that of the multitude as possible locus of a democratic movement of global proportions. The third and final part of the trilogy, Commonwealth, was published in 2009.

Michael Hardt studied at University of Washington, Swarthmore College and Winston Churchill High School. The recorded working language is English. The field of work recorded is philosophy. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari are recorded as an influence. Employment is recorded with European Graduate School and Duke University.

• Region — Western philosophy • Era — 20th-century philosophy • Name — Michael Hardt • Born — 1960 • Birthplace — Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. • Education — Swarthmore College (B.S.) University of Washington (M.A.; Ph.D.) • School Tradition — Continental philosophy Autonomism • Main Interests — Political philosophy Literary theory • Notable Ideas — Theory of Empire, altermodernity People • Illustration — Michael Hardt speaking at Subversive Festival

Hardt attended Winston Churchill High School in Potomac, Maryland. He studied engineering at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania from 1978 to 1983. In college during the 1970s energy crisis, he began to take an interest in alternative energy sources. Talking about his college politics, he said, "I thought that doing alternative energy engineering for third world countries would be a way of doing politics that would get out of all this campus political posing that I hated. It seemed that way, but I was quickly disabused." During college, he worked for various solar energy companies. Hardt also participated, after college, in the Sanctuary Movement and later helped establish a project to bring donated computers from the United States and put them together for the University of El Salvador. Yet, he says that this political activity did more for him than it did for the Salvadorans. In 1983, he moved to Seattle to study comparative literature at the University of Washington. While working on his PhD, Hardt began to translate Antonio Negri's book on Baruch Spinoza, The Savage Anomaly, in order to come into contact with him. He first met Negri in Paris in the summer of 1986 to discuss translation difficulties. After their meeting, Hardt decided to complete his graduate exams and move to Paris the following summer. He received an M.A. in 1986 and completed his dissertation on Gilles Deleuze in 1990, with which he earned his PhD. After briefly teaching at the University of Southern California, Hardt began teaching in the Literature Program at Duke University in 1994. He is currently professor of Literature and Italian at Duke.

Hardt is concerned with the joy of political life, and has stated, "One has to expand the concept of love beyond the limits of the couple." The politics of the multitude is not solely about controlling the means of productivity or liberating one's own subjectivity. These two are also linked to love and joy of political life and realizing political goals. Hardt does not consider teaching a revolutionary occupation, nor does he think the college is a particularly political institution. "But thinking of politics now as a project of social transformation on a large scale, I'm not at all convinced that political activity can come from the university." Hardt says visions of a public education and equal and open access to the university are gradually disappearing: the "war on terror" has promoted only limited military and technological knowledges, while the required skills of the biopolitical economy, "the creation of ideas, images, code, affects, and other immaterial goods" are not yet recognized as the primary key to economic innovation. Many of Hardt's works have been co-written with Antonio Negri.

In May 2012 Hardt and Negri self-published an electronic pamphlet on the occupation and encampment movements of 2011–2012 called Declaration that argues the movement explores new forms of democracy.

• Gilles Deleuze: an Apprenticeship in Philosophy, 1993 • The Subversive Seventies, ISBN 978-0197674659, 2023

• Labor of Dionysus: a Critique of the State-form, 1994 • Empire, 2000 • Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, 2004 • Commonwealth, 2009 • Declaration, 2012 • Assembly, 2017

* * * * * * * * * * * * * • “A Global War Regime”, with Sandro Mezzadra, Side Car, New Left Review, 09 May 2024.