Merian C. Cooper

Cooper worked between 1893 and 1973 across screenwriter, film producer, film director, actor and fighter pilot and 7 further recorded occupations. Every statement below returns to a source shown in the evidence panel; where the record is silent or divided, the article says so instead of resolving it.

Cooper studied at United States Naval Academy and Georgia Tech. The recorded working language is English. Work by Merian C. Cooper is recorded in the collections of Harvard Film Archive. Distinctions recorded are Honorary Scout, Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari, star on Hollywood Walk of Fame and Academy Honorary Award.

• Birth Name — Merian Caldwell Cooper • Born — 24 October 1893 • Birthplace — Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. • Died — 21 April 1973 • Place of death — San Diego, California, U.S. • Education — * United States Naval Academy • Georgia Institute of Technology • Occupation — * Film director • Movie producer • Military officer • Aviator • Children — 3

Merian Caldwell Cooper was born in Jacksonville, Florida, to lawyer John C. Cooper and Mary Caldwell. He was the youngest of three children. At age six, Cooper decided that he wanted to be an explorer after hearing stories from the book Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa. He was educated at The Lawrenceville School in New Jersey and graduated in 1911. After graduation, Cooper received a prestigious appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy, but was expelled during his senior year for "hell raising and for championing air power". In 1916, Cooper worked for the Minneapolis Daily News as a reporter, where he met Delos Lovelace. In the next few years, he also worked at the Des Moines Register-Leader and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

In 1916, Cooper joined the Georgia National Guard to help chase Pancho Villa in Mexico. He was called home in March 1917. He worked for the El Paso Herald on a 30-day leave of absence. After returning to his service, Cooper was appointed lieutenant; however, he refused the appointment hoping to participate in combat. Instead, he went to the Military Aeronautics School in Atlanta to learn to fly. Cooper graduated at the top of his class.

• Illustration — Death statement from when Cooper was presumed dead in 1918 • Illustration — Merian C. Cooper in Polish Air Force uniform In October 1917, six months after the American entry into World War I, Cooper went to France with the 201st Squadron. He attended flying school in Issoudun. While flying with his friend, Cooper hit his head and was knocked out during a 200-foot plunge. After the incident, Cooper suffered from shock and had to relearn how to fly. Cooper requested to go to Clermont-Ferrand to be trained as a bomber pilot. He became a pilot with the 20th Aero Squadron (which later became the 1st Day Bombardment Group). Cooper served as a DH-4 bomber pilot with the United States Army Air Service during World War I. On September 26, 1918, his plane was shot down. The plane caught fire, and Cooper spun the plane to suck the flames out. Cooper survived, although he suffered burns, injured his hands, and was presumed dead. German soldiers saw his plane landing and took him to a prisoner reserve hospital. The death certificate on this page was sent to Cooper's family. The Army had believed him killed but he was captured by the Germans and taken as a Prisoner of war (POW). Cooper's father received a letter from Merian around the time the death certificate arrived. Merian C. Cooper sent the copy back to the Army with the notation on top "In the language of Mark Twain Your death has been greatly exaggerated." Captain Cooper remained in the Air Service after the war; he helped with Herbert Hoover's U.S. Food Administration that provided aid to Poland. He later became the chief of the Poland division. In the early spring of 1919, while supplying the besieged Poles in Lviv during the Polish–Ukrainian War, he claimed to have first discussed US air support for the Polish eastern flank with General Tadeusz Rozwadowski who commanded the city's defence.

The contract for the formation of a volunteer American flight squadron was signed by Rozwadowski, Cooper and Major Cedric Fauntleroy at the Wagram Hotel in Paris on August 26, 1919. On his arrival in Poland, Cooper met with cold reception from the Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, who considered the Americans "paid mercenaries". They were nonetheless dispatched to Lviv in October 1919 and drafted into the Polish military as the Kościuszko Squadron in December. Cooper then provided air combat support for the Polish Army in the Polish–Soviet War. On July 13, 1920, his plane was shot down, and he spent nearly nine months in a Soviet prisoner of war camp where the writer Isaac Babel interviewed him. He escaped just before the war was over and made it to Latvia. For his valor he was decorated by Polish commander-in-chief Józef Piłsudski with the highest Polish military decoration, the Virtuti Militari. • Illustration — Cooper at the Latvian border after escaping the Soviet POW camp During his time as a POW, Cooper wrote an autobiography: Things Men Die For. The manuscript was published by G. P. Putnam's Sons in New York (the Knickerbocker Press) in 1927. However, in 1928, Cooper regretted releasing certain details about "Nina" (probably Marjorie Crosby-Słomczyńska) with whom he had relations outside of wedlock. Cooper asked Dagmar Matson, who had the manuscript, to buy all the copies of the book possible. Matson found almost all 5,000 copies that had been printed. The books were destroyed, while Cooper and Matson each kept a copy. An interbellum Polish film directed by Leonard Buczkowski, Gwiaździsta eskadra (The Starry Squadron), was inspired by Cooper's experiences as a Polish Air Force officer. The film was made with the cooperation of the Polish army and was the most expensive Polish film prior to World War II. After World War II, all copies of the film found in Poland were destroyed by the Soviets.

• Illustration — Cooper (right) alongside Ernest Schoedsack in a scene from Grass (1925). After returning from overseas in 1921, Cooper got a job working the night shift at The New York Times. He was commissioned to write articles for Asia magazine. Cooper was able to travel with Ernest Schoedsack on a sea voyage on the Wisdom II. As part of the journey, he traveled to Abyssinia, or the Ethiopian Empire, where he met their prince regent, Ras Tefari, later known as Emperor Haile Selassie I. The ship left Abyssinia in February 1923. On their way home, the crew narrowly missed being attacked by pirates, and the ship was burned down. His three-part series for Asia was published in 1923. After returning home, Cooper researched for the American Geographical Society. In 1924, Cooper joined Schoedsack and Marguerite Harrison who had embarked on an expedition that would be turned into the film Grass (1925). They returned later the same year. Cooper became a member of the Explorers Club of New York in January 1925 and was asked to give lectures and attend events due to his extensive traveling. Grass was acquired by Paramount Pictures. Cooper and Schoedsack's first film gained the attention of Jesse Lasky, who commissioned the duo for their second film, Chang (1927). They also produced the film The Four Feathers, which was filmed among the fighting tribes of the Sudan. These films combined real footage with staged sequences.

From 1926 to 1927, Cooper discussed with John Hambleton the plans for Pan American Airways, which was formed in 1927. Cooper was a member of the board of directors of Pan American Airways. During his tenure at Pan Am, the company established the first regularly scheduled transatlantic service. While he was on the board, Cooper did not devote his full attention to the organization; he took time in 1929 and 1930 to work on the script for King Kong. By 1931, he was back in Hollywood. He resigned from the board of directors in 1935, following health complications.

Cooper said that he thought of King Kong after he had a dream that a giant gorilla was terrorizing New York City. When he awoke, he recorded the idea and used it for the film. He was going to have a giant gorilla fight a Komodo dragon or other animal, but found that the technique of interlacing that he wanted to use would not provide realistic results. • Illustration — King Kong movie poster Cooper needed a production studio for the film, but recognized the great cost of the movie, especially during the Great Depression. Cooper helped David Selznick get a job at RKO Pictures, which was struggling financially. Selznick became the vice president of RKO and asked Cooper to join him in September 1931, although he had only produced three films thus far in his career. Cooper began working as an executive assistant at age thirty-eight. He officially pitched the idea for King Kong in December 1931. Shortly after, he began to seek actors and build full-scale sets, although the screenplay was not yet complete. The screenplay was delivered to Cooper in January 1932. Schoedsack contributed to the film, focusing on shooting scenes for the boat sequences and in native villages, leaving Cooper to shoot the jungle scenes. In February 1933, the title for the film was registered for copyright. Throughout filming there were creative battles. Critics at RKO argued that the film should begin with Kong. Cooper believed that a film should begin with a "slow dramatic buildup that would establish everything from characters to mood..." so that the action of the film could "naturally, relentlessly, roll on out of its own creative movement", and thus chose not to begin the film with a shot of Kong. The iconic scene in which Kong climbs to the top of the Empire State Building was almost cut by Cooper due to legal concerns over a similar sequence in The Lost World (1925). RKO's purchase of the rights to The Lost World neutralized the legal risk, allowing the sequence to remain in the film. Overlapping with the production of King Kong was the making of The Most Dangerous Game, which began in May 1932. Cooper once again worked with Schoedsack to produce the film. In the 1933 version of King Kong, Cooper and co-director Ernest B. Schoedsack appear at the end, piloting the plane that finally finishes off Kong. Cooper had reportedly said, "We should kill the sonofabitch ourselves." Cooper personally cut a scene in King Kong in which four sailors are shaken off a tree trunk bridge by Kong, fall into a ravine, and are eaten alive by giant spiders. According to Hollywood folklore, the decision was made after previews in January 1933, during which audience members either fled the theater in terror or talked about the ghastly scene throughout the remainder of the movie. However, more objective sources maintain that the scene merely slowed the film's pace. Despite the rumor that Cooper kept a print of the cut footage as a memento, it has never been found. In 2021, film historian Ray Morton stated in an interview that, after looking through the films shooting schedule, he found no evidence the sequence was ever filmed. In 1963, Cooper argued unsuccessfully that he should own the rights to King Kong; later in 1976, judges ruled that Cooper's estate owned the rights to King Kong outside the movie and its sequel. Selznick left RKO before the release of King Kong, and Cooper served as production chief from 1933 to 1934 with Pandro S. Berman as his executive assistant. In the 2005 remake of King Kong, upon learning that Fay Wray was not available because she was making a film at RKO, Carl Denham (Jack Black) replies, "Cooper, huh? I might have known."

Cooper helped the Whitney cousins form Pioneer Pictures in 1933, while he was still working for RKO. He was named vice president in charge of production for Pioneer Pictures in 1934. He would use Pioneer Pictures to test his technicolor innovations. The company contracted with RKO in order to fulfill Cooper's obligations to the company, including She and The Last Days of Pompeii. Cooper later referred to She as the "worst picture I ever made." After these disappointments, Pioneer Pictures released a short film in three-strip technicolor called La Cucaracha, which was well received. The film won an Academy Award in 1934. Pioneer released the first full-length technicolor film, Becky Sharp in 1935. Cooper helped to advocate and pave the way for the ground-breaking technology of technicolor, as well as the widescreen process called Cinerama. Selznick formed Selznick International Pictures in 1935, and Pioneer Pictures merged with it in June 1936. Cooper became the vice president of Selznick International Pictures that same year. Cooper did not stay long; he resigned in 1937 due to disagreements over the film Stagecoach. After resigning from Selznick International, Cooper went to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) in June 1937. A noteworthy project that Cooper was involved in was the fantasy film War Eagles. The film, which would have used extensive special effects, was abandoned in approximately 1939 and never finished. Cooper was to return to the Army Air Force.

Cooper re-enlisted and was commissioned a colonel in the U.S. Army Air Forces. He served with Col. Robert L. Scott in India. He worked as logistics liaison for the Doolittle Raid. Thereafter, Cooper and Scott worked with Col. Caleb V. Haynes at Dinjan Airfield. They all were involved in establishing the Assam-Burma-China Ferrying Command. This marked the beginnings of The Hump Airlift. Colonel Cooper later served in China as chief of staff for General Claire Chennault of the China Air Task Force, which was the precursor of the Fourteenth Air Force. On October 25, 1942, a CATF raid consisting of 12 B-25s and 7 P-40s, led by Colonel Cooper, successfully bombed the Kowloon Docks at Hong Kong. He served from 1943 to 1945 in the Southwest Pacific as chief of staff for the Fifth Air Force's Bomber Command. At the end of the war, he was promoted to brigadier general. For his contributions, he was also aboard the USS Missouri to witness Japan's surrender.

Cooper and his friend and frequent collaborator, noted director John Ford, formed Argosy Productions in 1946 and produced such notable films as Wagon Master (1950), Ford's Fort Apache (1948), and She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949). Cooper's films at Argosy reflected his patriotism and his vision of the United States. Argosy negotiated a contract with RKO in 1946 to make four pictures. Cooper was able to make Grass a complete picture. Cooper also produced and directed Mighty Joe Young, which recruited Schoedsack as director. Cooper visited the set of the film every day to check on progress. Cooper left Argosy Pictures to pursue the process of Cinerama. He became the vice president of Cinerama Productions in the 1950s and was also elected a board member. After failing to convince other board members to finance skilled technicians, Cooper left Cinerama with Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney to form C. V. Whitney Productions. Cooper continued to outline movies to be shot in Cinerama, but C. V. Whitney Productions only produced a few films. Cooper was the executive producer for Ford's The Searchers (1956).

In the 1950s, Cooper supported Joseph McCarthy in his crusade to root out Communists in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. He backed Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election. Cooper founded Advanced Projects Corporation (1966–1972), a technology venture focused on developing 3D color television, whose mission he described as "revolutionizing both theatrical productions and exhibition as well as television". He served as the chairman of its board and enlisted Charles B. Fitzsimons as president, inventor Wadsworth E. Pohl as vice president, Kathy Ryan as executive secretary, and his own son Richard, General John R. Alison (an old comrade from China), William Douglas Burden, Thomas Corcoran and lawyer Earl S. Wright as directors. The company won the contract to build and operate the Ozark Folk Center and started the construction of its facility in 1971 before running out of funds and leasing the site to the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism in May 1972.

Cooper was the father of Polish translator and writer Maciej Słomczyński. He married film actress Dorothy Jordan on May 27, 1933. They kept their marriage a secret from Hollywood for a month before it was reported by journalists. He suffered a heart attack later that year.

Cooper died of cancer on April 21, 1973, in San Diego. His ashes were scattered at sea with full military honors. He and King Kongs lead actor Robert Armstrong, died within sixteen hours of each other.

• Year — Title — Director — Producer — Writer — Cinematographer — Notes • 1924 — The Lost Empire — Titles — Also editor • 1925 — Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life — Role: Himself; Documentary • 1927 — Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness — Documentaries • 1929 — Captain Salisbury's Ra-Mu • The Four Feathers • 1931 — Gow the Killer — Documentary-based exploitation film • 1932 — Roar of the Dragon — Story • 1933 — King Kong — Story — Role: Pilot of plane that kills Kong • 1935 — The Last Days of Pompeii • 1949 — Mighty Joe Young — Story — Also presenter • 1952 — This Is Cinerama — Documentary • Only Producer • Year — Title — Producing role — Notes • 1932 — The Most Dangerous Game — Associate producer • Flaming Gold — Executive producer • The Phantom of Crestwood — Associate producer • 1933 — The Monkey's Paw — Producer • Lucky Devils — Associate producer • Diplomaniacs — Executive producer • The Silver Cord • Emergency Call • Cross Fire • Professional Sweetheart • Melody Cruise • Bed of Roses • Flying Devils • Double Harness • Headline Shooter • Before Dawn • No Marriage Ties • Morning Glory • Blind Adventure • One Man's Journey • Rafter Romance • Midshipman Jack • Ann Vickers • Aggie Appleby, Maker of Men • Ace of Aces • After Tonight • Chance at Heaven • Little Women • The Right to Romance • If I Were Free • The Son of Kong — Also characters • Flying Down to Rio • 1934 — Stingaree — Presenter • The Meanest Gal in Town — Executive producer • Man of Two Worlds • Long Lost Father • Two Alone • Hips, Hips, Hooray! • The Lost Patrol • Keep 'Em Rolling • Spitfire • Success at Any Price • This Man Is Mine • Sing and Like It • Finishing School • Kentucky Kernels • 1935 — She — Producer • 1936 — Dancing Pirate — Executive producer • 1938 — The Toy Wife — Producer • 1940 — Dr. Cyclops • 1947 — The Fugitive — Presenter, producer • 1948 — Fort Apache — Presenter, executive producer • 3 Godfathers — Presenter, producer • 1949 — She Wore a Yellow Ribbon — Presenter, executive producer • 1950 — Wagon Master • Rio Grande — Producer • 1952 — The Quiet Man • 1953 — The Sun Shines Bright • 1956 — The Searchers — Executive producer • Seven Wonders of the World — Producer — Documentary • 1963 — Best of Cinerama

• Inventory of the Merian C. Cooper papers at the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University • Collections relating to Merian C. Cooper in the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library Brigham Young University

The authorities additionally record the headings Merian Caldwell Cooper, Merian Cooper, Merian Coldwell Cooper and Frank Mosher. His recorded language was English. He was the child of John C. He married Dorothy Jordan. One child is recorded: Maciej Słomczyński.

What the record establishes about Merian C. Cooper is recorded with the occupation military officer. Cooper is recorded with the occupation fighter pilot. Cooper is recorded with the occupation film producer. Cooper is recorded as screenwriter, film producer, film director, actor and fighter pilot.