Medan
Medan is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra. The nearby Strait of Malacca, Port of Belawan, and Kualanamu International Airport make Medan a regional hub and multicultural metropolis, acting as a financial centre for Sumatra and a gateway to the western part of Indonesia. About 60% of the economy in North Sumatra is backed by trading, agriculture, and processing industries, including exports from its 4 million acres of palm oil plantations.
Medan
- Name
- Medan
Reference Check
Propose documentary evidence for Medan. A contribution is never written directly as fact: identity, source, rights and evidence gates still decide.
Sign in to contribute
World of VALÉORINE
Documentary connections
Only confirmed graph relationships appear here. Images are shown only when their identity and reuse rights both pass the documentary gate.

Born In · incoming
Chairil Anwar
Author
[1]

Born In · incoming
Erika Remberg
Person
Privatarchiv

Died In · incoming
Eugène Appert
Photographer
This image has been extracted from another file

Born In · incoming
Joko Anwar
Person
Flickr : Joko dan Edwin dengan Badge IFFR (02)

Born In · incoming
Mireille Havet
Author
D.R. [Succession] Pierre Choumoff, éditions Claire Paulhan

Born In · incoming
Peter Alma
Engraver
This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project . The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation
VALÉORINE Encyclopedia
The documentary record
Statements marked “Documentary record” are set in the article beside the passage they confirm. Each is read from the authority records of the institutions named here; select “Prove” to see the record it was read from, where in that record, and when.
Institutions cited
Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
Complete reading chain (JSON)In this article
Overview
Overview
The National Development Planning Agency listed Medan as one of the four main central cities in Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. In terms of population, it is the most populous city in Indonesia outside of the island of Java. Its population, as of 2024, is approximately equal to the country of Moldova. When the surrounding urban area is included, the population is over 3.4 million, making it the fourth largest urban area in Indonesia. The Medan metropolitan area—which includes neighbouring Binjai, Deli Serdang Regency, and a part of Karo Regency—is the largest metropolitan area outside of Java, with 4,744,323 residents counted in the 2020 Census, rising to 4,944,979 in mid 2024. The city was founded at the confluence of the Deli River and the Babura river by a Karonese man named Guru Patimpus. Then called Kampung Medan Putri, it became part of the Deli Sultanate, established in 1632. In the late 19th century, colonial Dutch seeking new plantation areas chose Medan and Deli as plantation hubs to found the Deli Company. Within a few years, the Dutch tobacco trade transformed Medan into an economic hub, earning it the nickname Het Land Dollar ("the land of the money"). The Deli Railway, established to ship tobacco, rubber, tea, timber, palm oil, and sugar from Medan to the Port of Belawan for worldwide export, brought further rapid development to Medan. The city became first the capital of the State of East Sumatra, and then the provincial capital of North Sumatra.
Documentary record
Medan appears in the authority records of the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names as a place. The authority records of the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names record Medan as a city, educational centre, provincial capital and municipality.
Key facts
Key facts
• Name — Medan • Translit Lang1 — Regional • Translit Lang1 Type — Batak • Translit Lang1 Type1 — Jawi • Translit Lang1 Info — ᯔᯩᯑᯉ᯳ • Translit Lang1 Info1 — ميدن • Type — City • Nickname — Parijs van Sumatra "Paris of Sumatra" • Motto — Bekerja sama dan sama-sama bekerja "Collaborate and Everybody work" • Subdivision Type — Country • Subdivision Name — Indonesia • Subdivision Type1 — Province • Subdivision Name1 — North Sumatra • Subdivision Type2 — Metropolitan area • Subdivision Name2 — Mebidangro • Established Title — Founded • Established Date — 1 July 1590 • Government Type — Mayor–council • Governing Body — Medan City Government • Leader Title — Mayor • Leader Name — Rico Waas (NasDem) • Leader Title1 — Vice Mayor • Leader Name1 — Zakiyuddin Harahap • Leader Title2 — Legislature • Leader Name2 — Medan City Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) • Area Total Km2 — 265.1 • Area Metro Km2 — 3094.85 • Elevation M — 2.5–37.5 • Elevation Ft — 8–123 • Population Total — 2486283 • Population Rank — 5th • Population As Of — 2024 estimate • Population Density Km2 — auto • Population Metro — 4,944,979 • Population Density Metro Km2 — 1,598 • Population Demonym — Medanese • Time Zone — IWST • Utc Offset — +7 • Area Code Type — Area code • Area Code — (+62) 61 • Registration Plate Type — Vehicle registration • Registration Plate — BK • Website — https: medan.go.id/ • Demographics Type2 — Nominal GDP (nominal, 2023) • Demographics2 Title1 — Total • Demographics2 Info1 — Rp 303.312 trillion US$ 19.899 billion • Demographics2 Title2 — Per capita • Demographics2 Info2 — Rp 105.908 million US$ 8,843 • Custom Label5 Sec1 — HDI (2023) • Custom Data5 Sec1 — 0.826 (26th) – very high
Etymology
Etymology
The term medan might be derived from the Batak Karo word madan (ᯔᯑᯉ᯳), which literally means 'healed', 'blessed', or 'recovered'. The term is associated with the historical Karo figure and founder of the city, traditional doctor Guru Patimpus. The oldest evidence of this term used to refer to the city dates back to c. 13th-15th century during the reign of Aru, the Karo monarch. Another popular theory suggests that medan is of Malay origin, literally meaning 'field'. The term medan (مدان) in Malay might be derived from the Tamil word maitāṉ-am (மைதானம், 'ground'), which is cognate with the Malayalam word maitānam (മൈതാനം), or from meidan (میدان), Persian term for "field" or "ground".
History
History
• Illustration — Guru Patimpus, the founder of Medan Medan is located in what was once the Kingdom of Aru, founded by the Karo people and flourishing between the 13th and 16th centuries. A number of archaeological sites survive near Medan, including Kota Rentang, a port settlement in the Hamparan Perak area; Kota Cina, an ancient trading site in Medan Marelan; and Benteng Putri Hijau, a fort ruin in Deli Tua. In the sixteenth century, Guru Patimpus Sembiring Pelawi, a Karonese man from the Karo Regency, converted from Pemena to Islam. While traveling to study under Datuk Kota Bangun, Guru Patimpus met and married the Princess of Pulo Brayan. Accompanied by their two sons, Kolok and Kecik, the couple founded Medan village between the Deli and Babura Rivers. In 1632, the Aceh Sultanate under Gocah Pahlawan expanded to include Medan. Perunggit succeeded his father in 1669, and declared the Deli Sultanate, including Medan, independent of the Aceh Sultanate. Starting in the 1860s, Dutch authorities began to release new land for tobacco plantations. Said Abdullah Bilsagih, brother-in-law of the Deli Sultan Mahmud Perkasa Alam, persuaded Dutch tobacco merchant Jacob Nienhuys to move his business from Java to Deli. Dutch merchants Van der Falk and Elliot, and Chinese brothers Tjong Yong Hian and Tjong A Fie, were also pioneers of Deli's tobacco industry. In 1867, Nienhuys, Jannsen, P.W. Clemen, and Cremer founded De Deli Maatschappij; in 1869, they moved its head office from Labuhan Deli to Medan. This made Medan a centre of the tobacco trade, which continued to grow with the 1869 opening of the Suez Canal. Sultan Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah, who ruled from 1873 to 1924, moved the kingdom's capital to Medan. He became known as the builder of early Medan, finishing the construction of the Maimun Palace in 1888 and building the Great Mosque of Medan in 1907. In 1898, a Dutch businessman named Aeint Herman de Boer built Hotel de Boer to accommodate the cruise ships of European tourists which had begun to visit Medan. During the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign, the Japanese entered Medan on bicycles and occupied the city. The handover of power was chaotic, but through the use of the Kempetai. Locals of Medan were subjected to enforced Japanese language and worship. The Japanese were able to hold the city until their surrender in 1945. Following that, Medan came under the authority of the South East Asia Command led by British Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten. With the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence on 17 August, Medan became part of the newly-independent Republic of Indonesia, news announced in Medan on 30 September. In October, Allied troops landed in Belawan and marched on Medan. The subsequent conflicts between the Allies and the Indonesian Army became known as the Battle of Medan. The Allies regained control of Medan in April 1946, and in December 1947 the Dutch established the State of East Sumatra with Medan as its capital. This became part of the United States of Indonesia in 1949, and was dissolved into the Republic of Indonesia in 1950. Medan continued to grow as a centre of commerce during the reign of Amaluddin Al Sani Perkasa Alamsyah. Developments of the 1970s, especially palm oil and rubber plantations, made Medan the busiest city outside Java, with the transmigration program bringing many Javanese and Batak migrants. In May 1998, months of student demonstrations in Medan over the 1997 Asian financial crisis turned into riots when a student was killed in a clash with security forces. The next day, the mobs became bigger, and many shops and vehicles in the business district (mostly owned by Chinese residents) were burned and looted. As a result, a curfew was imposed for more than two weeks until peace returned. On 5 September 2005, Mandala Airlines Flight 091 stalled a minute after taking off from Medan's old Polonia International Airport for a flight to Jakarta. The aircraft crashed into a heavily populated residential area along Djamin Ginting road in Padang Bulan. Of the 117 passengers and crews on board, only 17 survived, and an additional 49 civilians on the ground were killed. As a result, Kualanamu International Airport was built in Deli Serdang to replace the old airport, with construction finished in 2012. After the move to the new airport, height restriction laws in Medan were relaxed.
Geography
Geography
Medan is in the northeastern part of Sumatra island, in the province of North Sumatra. The city is a semi-enclave within Deli Serdang Regency, bordered by that regency on three sides and by the Strait of Malacca to the north. The natural harbor formed where the Deli and Babura rivers feed into the straits has contributed to Medan's growth as a trading port. Medan's elevation varies between above sea level, with the Barisan Mountains to the south, and volcanoes such as Sibayak Mountain and Sinabung Mountain from the city.
Climate
Climate
Medan features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af) with no real dry season. Its driest month (January) on average sees about one-third the precipitation of its wettest month (October), with a total annual precipitation of about. Autumn (September - November) is the rainiest season, and the temperature is still coolest in winter (December and January). Temperatures in the city average approximately throughout the year.
Government
Government
• Illustration — The former Medan City Hall Medan was governed by Abdillah from 2000 until 2008, when he and his vice mayor were caught by the Corruption Eradication Commission. Syamsul Arifin, the governor of North Sumatra Province, appointed Affifudin Lubis as acting mayor, followed by Rahudman Harahap after Lubis's 2009 resignation. Harahap resigned in order to run for office in the 2010 mayoral election, leaving Arifin himself to become acting mayor. In 2013, Harahap was also arrested for corruption, and his deputy Dzulmi Eldin became acting mayor. Dzulmi Eldin was elected mayor in 2016, and served until his arrest for corruption in 2019. He was replaced by his vice mayor, Akhyar Nasution, who served until the end of his term in 2021. The current mayor of Medan is Bobby Nasution, with vice mayor Aulia Rachman.
Administrative divisions
Administrative divisions
• Illustration — District divisions of Medan Medan is divided into 21 districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and populations at the 2010 Census, and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as of mid-2024. The table also includes the number of urban villages/neighbourhoods (kelurahan) in each district, and their postal codes. • Kode Wilayah || Name of District (kecamatan)||Area in km 2 ||Pop'n Census 2010||Pop'n Census 2020||Pop'n Estimate mid 2024||No. of villages||Postal codes • 12.71.07 — Medan Tuntungan — 25.16 — 80,942 — 97,249 — 101,069 — 9 — 20134-20141 • 12.71.11 — Medan Johor — 16.73 — 123,851 — 151,756 — 155,854 — 6 — 20142-20146 • 12.71.09 — Medan Amplas — 10.65 — 113,143 — 129,726 — 132,403 — 7 — 20147-20149, 20219 & 20229 • 12.71.04 — Medan Denai — 9.37 — 141,395 — 169,643 — 172,581 — 6 — 20226-20228 • 12.71.10 — Medan Area — 4.24 — 96,544 — 117,029 — 118,352 — 12 — 20211-20217 • 12.71.01 — Medan Kota — 5.75 — 72,580 — 84,666 — 84,779 — 12 — 20211-20219 • 12.71.15 — Medan Maimun — 3.02 — 39,581 — 49,231 — 49,847 — 6 — 20151-20159 • 12.71.16 — Medan Polonia — 8.77 — 52,794 — 59,915 — 60,910 — 5 — 20152-20157 • 12.71.17 — Medan Baru — 5.43 — 39,516 — 36,522 — 36,066 — 6 — 20153-20156 • 12.71.21 — Medan Selayang — 16.45 — 98,317 — 103,176 — 104,428 — 6 — 20131-20133 • 12.71.02 — Medan Sunggal — 13.26 — 112,744 — 129,063 — 134,650 — 6 — 20121-20128 • 12.71.03 — Medan Helvetia — 13.05 — 144,257 — 164,910 — 169,363 — 7 — 20123-20126 • 12.71.19 — Medan Petisah — 5.28 — 61,749 — 71,844 — 72,599 — 7 — 20112-20119 • 12.71.05 — Medan Barat — 6.34 — 70,771 — 88,602 — 89,427 — 6 — 20111-20117 • 12.71.20 — Medan Timur — 8.89 — 108,633 — 116,985 — 117,002 — 11 — 20231-20239 • 12.71.18 — Medan Perjuangan — 4.54 — 93,328 — 103,813 — 105,778 — 9 — 20232-20237 • 12.71.14 — Medan Tembung — 7.85 — 133,579 — 146,534 — 150,135 — 7 — 20221-20225 • 12.71.06 — Medan Deli — 18.83 — 166,793 — 189,321 — 192,476 — 6 — 20241-20244 • 12.71.13 — Medan Labuhan — 35.09 — 111,173 — 133,765 — 136,190 — 6 — 20251-20254, 20524 & 20525 • 12.71.12 — Medan Marelan — 30.03 — 140,414 — 182,515 — 191,765 — 5 — 20250-20256 • 12.71.08 — Medan Kota Belawan — 33.27 — 95,506 — 108,987 — 110,612 — 6 — 20411-20415 • Totals — 281.99 — 2,097,610 — 2,435,252 — 2,486,283 — 151 The city centre consists of Medan Petisah, Medan Baru, Medan Polonia, Medan Maimun, Medan Kota, and Medan Barat (West Medan). Medan Labuhan is one of the largest districts by area (together with Medan Kota Belawan and Medan Marelan) and lies in the northern part of the city (Medan Kota Belawan is the northernmost city district, adjacent to the Malacca Strait, and separated by one of the outlets of the Deli River from the rest of the city). Medan Tuntungan serves as the gateway to Karo Regency, Medan Helvetia to Binjai City and Langkat, and Medan Amplas to Tebing Tinggi and Pematang Siantar.
Demographics
Demographics
Medan is Indonesia's largest city outside Java, and its fourth largest altogether (after Jakarta, Surabaya and Bandung). The population more than quadrupled in less than fifty years, growing from 568,000 in 1968 to 2.1 million in 2010 and to 2.5 million in 2025. As of 2020, the larger metropolitan area had a population of 4,756,863, rising to 4,944,979 in mid 2024. • Administrative division — Area in km 2 — Pop'n Census 2010 — Pop'n Census 2020 — Pop'n Estimate mid 2024 — Pop'n density 2024 (/km 2) — Ref • Medan (City) — 281.99 — 2,097,610 — 2,435,252 — 2,486.283 — 8,817 • Binjai (City) — 90.45 — 246,154 — 291,842 — 307,170 — 3,396 • Deli Serdang Regency — 2,497.72 — 1,790,431 — 1,931,441 — 2,048,480 — 820 • Karo Regency (part) — 224.69 — 86,244 — 98,328 — 103,046 — 459 • Greater Medan — 3,094.85 — 4,220,439 — 4,756,863 — 4,944,979 — 1,598
Ethnicities and languages
Ethnicities and languages
• Illustration — Bataks is the largest ethnic group in Medan. The dominant ethnic groups in Medan are Batak and Javanese, with smaller Malays, Chinese, Acehnese, Indian, Nias, and Sundanese populations. The Bataks in Medan are of three subethnicities. The native Karo mostly live in the southern parts of Medan, including Padang Bulan, Medan Johor and Tuntungan. The Toba, whom the Dutch employed on their oil palm plantations, live in Marindal and Amplas, or in nearby city centres such as the Medan Perjuangan district. Finally, the Mandailing, who migrated to Medan after Indonesian independence in search of job opportunities, mainly live in Medan Tembung. The primary languages spoken by Bataks in Medan are Batak and Karo. The large Javanese community in Medan is primarily composed of the descendants of people transported from Java in the 19th century to be employed as contract workers at various plantations in North Sumatra. For the most part, they speak the local language of Javanese. The Malays are also natives of Medan, having lived as fishermen in the outskirts of the city since the Aru era. Starting in the 18th century, they began to spread throughout the city, with large numbers living in Medan Maimun, Kota Matsum, Labuhan and Belawan and speaking Malay. Immigration from southern China to Deli began in the 16th century, and accelerated in the 19th and early 20th centuries as immigrants sought employment as planters and coolies. Medan is home to the largest Chinese population in Sumatra, mostly concentrated around the city centre. Most Chinese people in Medan speak Medan Hokkien, a local dialect, but many also speak Mandarin, Teochew, or Cantonese. Minangkabau came to Medan since the late of the 19th century. Minangs migration surged from the 1960s to the 1980s, becoming 10.9% of the population and founding Padang restaurants throughout the city. Most Minangkabau people in Medan speak Minangkabau. They are mostly concentrated around the city centre, near Central Market (Pajak Sentral), Kota Matsum and Sukaramai. Many Acehnese sought sanctuary in Medan after the insurgency in Aceh in the late 1970s. They now own a number of Mie Aceh restaurants around the Setia Budi and Sunggal areas. Most speak Acehnese, and Gayonese is also common. Medan also has a substantial Tamil Indonesian community. Kampung Madras, a busy area in the city centre, is well-known as a Tamil neighbourhood. The different linguistic communities in Medan communicate in a slang called Bahasa Medan or Dialek Medan (Medanese slang). This dialect of Indonesian includes loanwords from the various local languages, especially Malay.
Religion
Religion
Most of Medan's inhabitants are Muslim, accounting for approximately 65.78 percent of the population. The substantial Christian demographic (about 25 percent of the total population) includes Catholics, Methodists, and Lutherans, such as the Batak Christian Protestant Church. Buddhists make up about 9 percent of the population, and there are smaller Hindu, Confucian, and Sikh communities. Some Bataknese follow traditional religions such as Pemena and Parmalim. Gunung Timur Temple, on Jalan Hang Tuah, is Medan's oldest Taoist temple. Maha Vihara Maitreya, on Jalan Cemara Asri, is the largest Buddhist temple in southeast Asia. The city's oldest church, Medan Cathedral, on Jalan Pemuda, was originally built as Indische Kerk by the Dutch and Indian community. Sri Mariamman Temple, on Jalan Zainul Arifin in Kampung Madras, is the city's oldest Hindu temple, built around 1881; it is surrounded by over a hundred statues of various deities. Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni, a Catholic church in an Indo-Mogul style, was built on Jalan Sakura III in 2005, dedicated to a Marian apparition in 17th century Tamil Nadu. At one point before and during the Japanese occupation of the city, Japanese migrants created a Shinto shrine, Hirohara Shrine, to accommodate the increasing worshipers of Japanese residents. It was later rebuilt during the Japanese occupation of the city in 1944 to accommodate the mandatory worship by locals. The former shrine still stands as the last Shinto shrine in Southeast Asia.
Economy
Economy
• Illustration — Belawan Container Terminal The Medan metropolitan area was recognized as an Indonesian National Strategic Region (Kawasan Strategis Nasional) by Government Regulation No 28/2008. As a major commercial and economic hub of Indonesia, Medan is a centre for the production and trade of commodities including cinnamon, tobacco, tea, coffee, rubber, and palm oil. It also has a growing manufacturing sector, producing goods such as cars, machinery, tile, and paper and pulp. Medan's location makes it the main hub of international trade in western Indonesia, with exports going to Europe, North America, and the Middle East. Its trade and tourism businesses have also become essential to the Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle. Many multinational companies maintain offices in the city, such as Asian Agri, London Sumatra, Musim Mas, Philips Lighting, Toba Pulp Lestari, Marriott, Wilmar, ABB and DBS Bank. Rapid development in Medan has resulted in an upward trend in residential property prices. Medan is one of the major shopping centres of Indonesia, along with Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya. Shopping malls in Medan include: There is a lively trade in live fruit bats (Pteropus, Cynopterus) in Sumatra. Research led by EcoVerde Global Consulting showed ongoing trade in the markets of Greater Median with 100s of bats being offered for sale, and higher numbers per capita in economically less affluent areas.
Cuisine
Cuisine
Medan is known as "the culinary heaven of Indonesia" for its variety of ethnic cuisines and prominent street hawkers. Prominent restaurants in Medan include Garuda and Uda Sayang (nasi padang and gulai), Sate Afrizal Amir (sate padang), Cahaya Baru (chapati and tandoori), OnDo Batak grill and Tesalonika (babi panggang (grilled pork) and saksang), Jalan Selat Panjang and Jalan Semarang (Chinese food), Jalan Pagaruyung (Indian and Malay food), and Jalan Padan Bulan (Batak food). Other major culinary destinations in Medan include Merdeka Walk, an outdoor area with a number of restaurants, and Pasar Rame, a daily outdoor market. The local cuisine in Medan comes from a variety of culinary traditions. Soto Medan is a savoury stew of mixed meats and coconut milk, usually served with rice and perkedel. Bika ambon, a popular local cake, is traditionally flavoured with pandanus, but can also be found in banana, durian, cheese, and chocolate flavours. Babi Panggang Karo, grilled pork dipped in blood curd, may be served with sambal andaliman made from local peppers.
Landmarks
Landmarks
• Illustration — The Tjong A Fie Mansion Many examples of colonial Dutch architecture survive in Medan. Prominent instances include the old City Hall, the Medan Post Office, Inna Dharma Deli Hotel, Titi Gantung bridge, the Lonsum building, the Tjong A Fie Mansion, the A.V.R.O.S. building, the Warenhuis building, and the Tirtanadi Water Tower. The Sultan of Deli (whose position is now purely ceremonial) still lives in Maimoon Palace, built 1887-1891. The Great Mosque of Medan, built in 1906, was designed in a Moroccan style by the Dutch architect A.J. Dingemans.
Museums
Museums
• Illustration — The North Sumatra Museum The North Sumatra Museum, located south of the city's centre, was formally opened in April 1982 by Daoed Joesoef, Minister of Education and Culture. The museum's collection centres around artefacts of North Sumatran ethnic groups. The Bukit Barisan Museum is a military museum opened by Brigade General Leo Lopulisa on 21 June 1971. Located at 8 Jalan H. Zainul Arifin, the museum houses a number of historic weapons used in the 1958 revolt in North Sumatra, and displays paintings of the rebellion against the Netherlands. The Rahmat International Wildlife Museum & Gallery, which opened in 1999, is considered the city's outstanding taxidermy collection. It is located on Jalan Letjen S. Parman No.309.
Airport
Airport
• Illustration — Kualanamu International Airport The Kualanamu International Airport (KNO) opened on 25 July 2013 as a replacement for the Polonia Airport. Located 39 km from downtown Medan, it is Indonesia's first airport with a direct rail link to the city. The airport has a passenger terminal, and serves as a hub for Garuda Indonesia, Indonesia AirAsia, Lion Air, Susi Air and Wings Air, with direct domestic flights to many major cities in Sumatra, as well as Java-international flights to locations abroad including Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Sri Lanka.
Seaport
Seaport
• Illustration — The Bandar Deli terminal in Belawan The Port of Belawan is on the northeast coast of Sumatra, 19 km north of Medan and accessible by a railway across the channel south of the island. Originally built in 1890 for European tobacco exports, the harbour was expanded in 1907 with a new section for Chinese and indigenous traders. The growth of northern Sumatra's rubber and palm oil plantations in the early twentieth century brought new developments to the port. Several major berthing facilities were built in the 1920s, and by 1938 the port handled the greatest cargo value of any in the Dutch East Indies. Trade volumes dropped substantially after Indonesian independence, but reached pre-independence levels again in the mid-1960s. A major restructuring in 1985 saw the construction of a container terminal; it almost immediately captured about one-fifth of Indonesia's containerized exports. Major products exported include rubber, palm oil, tea, and coffee. The current port has two terminals. The first, which handles passengers, offers ferry services to cities including Penang, Langkawi, Batam, Jakarta, and Surabaya. The second, Belawan International Container Terminal (BICT), is used for export and import services, and is one of the largest shipping industry ports in Indonesia.
Roads
Roads
Major roads through Medan include the Trans-Sumatran Highway and the Belmera Toll Road. Other toll roads link the city to the airport, Binjai, and Tebing Tinggi.
Railway
Railway
• Illustration — Sri Lelawangsa commuter rail departing from Medan station The largest train station in Medan is Medan Station. The city also has a number of smaller stations, including Medan Pasar, Pulu Brayan, Titi Papan, Labuhan, and Belawan. Of these, Titi Papan and Pulu Brayan serve exclusively freight trains, while the others also serve passenger trains. Express trains run between Medan and cities including Tebing Tinggi, Pematang Siantar, Tanjungbalai, and Rantau Prapat, and the Kualanamu Airport Railink Services express train runs between Medan Station and Kualanamu International Airport Station. Other rail lines connect Medan to cities such as Binjai and Belawan. An elevated railway over several rail lines around Medan avoids level crossings and reduces traffic congestion.
Public transport
Public transport
Both auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are widely available in Medan, for a cheap pre-negotiated fare. Ride-sharing services Gojek and Grab are also in widespread use. While taxis exist, most locals use sudako, Medan's share taxi system. These minibuses follow routes indicated by numbers displayed on the vehicle; route maps are not published, instead typically being spread by word-of-mouth. Medan and its nearby urban areas have two bus rapid transit systems, Trans Mebidang and Medan Electric Bus, each with several active corridors.
Trans Mebidang
Trans Mebidang
• Corridor — Origin–Destination • 1 — Medan – Binjai • 2 — Medan – Lubuk Pakam
Medan Electric Bus
Medan Electric Bus
• Corridor — Origin–Destination • 1 — Pinang Baris – Lapangan Merdeka • 2 — Amplas – Lapangan Merdeka • 3 — Belawan – Lapangan Merdeka • 4 — Medan Tuntungan – Lapangan Merdeka • 5 — Tembung – Lapangan Merdeka
Television
Television
Medan's television stations include public and private national networks, as well as local channels. TVRI Sumatera Utara, a public station serving North Sumatra, is headquartered in the city. Channels currently available in Medan include:
Documentary record
The authority records of the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names record Sumatera Utara as the administrative unit of Medan.
Radio
Radio
RRI Medan is the only public radio in Medan. Popular stations in Medan include Prambors FM, MNC Trijaya FM, I-Radio, KISS FM, VISI FM, and Delta FM.Several local languages are also served on the radio, such as Kardopa Radio (in the Batak language) and Symphony FM (in the Malay language).=
Newspapers
Newspapers
Mimbar Umum is Medan's oldest newspaper. Other major newspapers based in Medan include Waspada, Analisa, Jurnal Medan, Berita Sore, Harian Global, Harian Medan Bisnis, Sumut Pos, Posmetro Medan, Sinar Indonesia Baru, Tribun Medan and The Jakarta Post.
Sport
Sport
Football is one of the most popular sports in Medan, with five local clubs: Persatuan Sepakbola Medan dan Sekitarnya (known as PSMS Medan), Medan Jaya, Medan Chiefs, Bintang PSMS and Medan United. Teladan Stadium, Medan's multi-purpose stadium, is used primarily for football matches.
Healthcare
Healthcare
• Illustration — Murni Teguh Hospital Medan has more than 30 registered hospitals, three public and the rest private.
Elementary, middle, and high schools
Elementary, middle, and high schools
Medan has more than 827 registered elementary schools, 337 middle schools and 288 high schools, including state-owned, private, religious, and international schools.
Universities and Colleges
Universities and Colleges
• Illustration — University of North Sumatra Medan's 72 registered universities, academies, polytechnics, and colleges include:
Consulates
Consulates
Medan hosts consulates from foreign countries, such as: • China (Consulate-General) • India (Consulate-General) • Japan (Consulate-General) • Malaysia (Consulate-General) • Singapore (Consulate-General) • United States (Consulate)
Twin towns – sister cities
Twin towns – sister cities
Medan is twinned with: • George Town, Penang Island, Malaysia (10 October 1984) • Ichikawa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan (4 November 1989) • Gwangju, South Jeolla Province, South Korea (24 September 1997) • Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (17 December 2002) • Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States (30 October 2014)
Literature
From the 1930s through the 1960s, Medan was the source of a major body of Indonesian literature, known as "Roman Medan". These books usually depicted local life in Medan and surrounding areas of Deli. Several romance novel writers grew up in Medan, including Hamka, Joesoef Sou'yb, Tamar Djaja, Matu Mona, and A. Damhoeri.
Text attribution
Licensing
Text attribution
Part of the biographical narrative on this page reuses licensed material. Its origin, revision and licence are recorded here.
The biographical narrative on this page is based on the Wikipedia article Medan, revision 1376421634 (EN edition), by its contributors. VALÉORINE has edited that text and built its own documentary record around it. The reused material is available under CC BY-SA 4.0, and this page's reuse of it is offered under the same licence. Everything else on this page — the chronology, the holdings, the evidence, the plates and the connections — is VALÉORINE's own record. Sources and licences.
Notes from the source article
Cited by Wikipedia
Notes from the source article
These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
- 1.Medan Het Parijs van Sumatra, Medan Paris di Sumatra. Teknomuda. 2017-09-02.
- 2.Medan, Sang Parijs van Sumatera. BatakPedia. 2020-01-07.
- 3.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, Kota Medan Dalam Angka 2025 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1275)
- 4.PU-net. perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id.
- 5.Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatra Utara. Provinsi Sumatera Utara Dalam Angka 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2024.
- 6.Kumar, Pankaj. Global Groundwater. Elsevier. 585–596. 2021. 9780128181720.
- 7.Medan Business: Top Sectors, Economies, Business Setup. 23 July 2021.
- 8.26. Z. Irian Jaya. bappenas.go.id.
- 9.Grasindo. Geografi. 9789797596194.
- 10.Jumlah Penduduk menurut Jenis Kelamin dan Kabupaten/Kota Sumatra Utara 2011–2016. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatra Utara. 3 October 2017.
- 11.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
- 12.Demographia World Urban Areas, 14th Annual Edition. April 2019.
- 13.PU-net.
- 14.Joustra, M. Karo-Bataksch Woordenboek. 1907.
- 15.Pelly, Usman. Sejarah sosial daerah Sumatra Utara, Kotamadya Medan. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. 1984.
- 16.Meuraxa, Dada. Sejarah kebudayaan suku-suku di Sumatera Utara. Sasterawan. 1973.
- 17.Cambridge Scholars Publishing. From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra. 2009. 978-1-4438-0784-5.
- 18.Juraidi. Menelusuri Jejak Kerajaan Aru. Kompas.com. 23 August 2008.
- 19.Museum Kota Cina, Situs Awal Perdagangan Penting di Pantai Timur Sumatera Abad XI. SeMedan.com. 3 January 2016.
- 20.Repelita Wahyu Oetomo. Benteng Putri Hijau Berdasarkan Data Sejarah dan Arkeologi. 8 June 2014.
- 21.Saito, Shizuo. 私の軍政記 : インドネシア独立前夜. Japan Indonesia Association. 1 March 1977. 673871439.
- 22.Reid, Anthony. The Blood of the People: Revolution & the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra. NUS Press. 2014. 978-9971-69-637-5.
- 23.Said, H. Mohammed. What was the Social Revolution of 1946 in East Sumatra. Indonesia. Cornell University: Indonesia Southeast Asia Program Publications. 15. 153. April 1973. 10.2307/3350795.
- 24.Kahin, George McTurnan. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Cornell University Press. 225, 461–463. 1970. 0-8014-9108-8.
- 25.Shenon, Philip. Rioters Attack Ethnic Chinese In Indonesia. The New York Times. 1994-04-24. 0362-4331.
- 26.Ranter, Harro. ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737–230 PK-RIM Medan-Polonia Airport (MES). aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network.
- 27.Usman Pelly, Sejarah Kota Madya Medan, 1950–1979; Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan R.I., Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, 1985
- 28.Medan, Indonesia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase). Weatherbase.
- 29.Starlings Roost Weather. KUALANAMU MEDAN Climate: 1991–2020.
- 30.Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System. INDONESIA – POLONIA. www.globalbioclimatics.org.
- 31.KPK Arrests Mandailing Natal Mayor for Alleged Bribery.
- 32.Eldin-Akhyar confirm their victory of Medan city election.
- 33.Gubsu Lantik Wali Kota Medan dan Wakil Wali Kota Medan Periode 2021–2024. pemkomedan.go.id.
- 34.Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- 35.Ensiklopedi Umum, Penerbitan Jajasan Kanisius, 1973
- 36.Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Utara. sumut.bps.go.id.
- 37.Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Ananta, Indonesia's Population: ethnicity and religion in a changing political landscape, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003.
- 38.Usman Pelly, Urbanisasi dan Adaptasi: Peranan Misi Budaya Minangkabau dan Mandailing, LP3ES, 1994
- 39.Badan Pusat Statistik. Sensus Penduduk 2019: Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut – Kota Medan. 2019.
- 40.Dibeli Pemprov Sumut, Medan Club Sudah Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya oleh Pemko Medan. Tribun-medan.com.
- 41.スマトラ.メダンにある日本の歴史遺産 紘原神社 - 「老人タイムス」私説. goo blog.
- 42.Inamiya, Yasuhito. 非文字資料研究叢書2 「神国」の残影|国書刊行会. Kokusho Publishing Association. November 2019. 978-4-336-06342-7.
- 43.https://www.rdi.or.id/storage/files/publication/84.pdf Medan City: Development and Governance under the Decentralisation Era
- 44.Kantor Asian Agri. Asian Agri Official Website. 20 April 2020.
- 45.London Sumatra: About Company. LONSUM Official Website. 18 February 2020.
- 46.Hubungi Kami – Musim Mas. Musim Mas Official Website. 1 January 2022.
- 47.Analysis. Transport infrastructure a key part of Medan's development plans. Oxford Business Group. 2015.
- 48.Home. EcoVerde.
- 49.Nijman, Vincent. Long-term market surveys for live bats in trade in southwestern Indonesia. Science of the Total Environment. 1048. 2026-09-15. 0048-9697.
- 50.Indonesia.travel. Medan: Entry Point to North Sumatra.
- 51.Medan Urban development by planters and entrepreneurs.
- 52.Indonesia Tourism. North Sumatra Museum.
- 53.Gunawan, Apriadi. A glimpse of wildlife in Medan museum. The Jakarta Post. 30 March 2011.
- 54.TTGmice. All systems go for Medan.
- 55.britannica. Belawan.
- 56.seaport.homestad. Port of Medan/Belawan.
- 57.Siregar, Wahyudi Aulia. Semester II-2019, Jalur Layang Kereta Api di Medan Beroperasi : Okezone Economy. Okezone. 13 July 2017.
- 58.Koko Hendri Lubis, Roman Medan: Sebuah Kota Membangun Harapan, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2018
- 59.3 Best High Schools for recommendation in Medan. Kabar Lampung. 10 February 2022.
- 60.Top Universities in North Sumatra. UniRank. 10 January 2022.
- 61.State University of Medan. Top Universities. 16 July 2015.
- 62.Universitas Sumatera Utara. Top Universities. 16 July 2015.
- 63.Kedutaan Besar dan Konsulat Asing.
- 64.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Medan.
- 65.Ministry of External Affairs (India). Consulate General of India, Medan.
- 66.Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). Konsulat Jenderal Jepang di Medan.
- 67.Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Consulate General of Malaysia, Medan.
- 68.Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore). Consulate-General of the Republic of Singapore in Medan.
- 69.United States Department of State. Konsulat AS di Medan.
- 70.Medan Menjalin Hubungan Kota Kembar Keempat.
- 71.Hans Michelmann. Foreign Relations in Federal Countries. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 198–. 28 January 2009. 978-0-7735-7618-6.
- 72.Ichikawa. A Sight-seeing Guide to Ichikawa City's International Exchanges. city.ichikawa.lg.jp. November 2018.
- 73.Gwangju. Sister Cities. gwangju.go.kr.
- 74.Chengdu Sister and partner cities.
- 75.onMilwaukee.com. City will host Indonesian sister city signing ceremony Thursday. 28 October 2014.
Bibliography printed in the source article · 1
Makers, houses and production
Knowledge graph
Makers, houses and production
The people, houses and objects recorded in connection with this place.
Born at
2- Joko AnwarPerson
Established from a fact already recorded on a verified source.
- Peter AlmaEngraver
Established from a fact already recorded on a verified source.
The Encyclopedia exists whether or not anything is for sale. Corrections are recorded rather than overwritten, and every version of this record is kept. Published 26 September 2026.
Elsewhere in General
22,760 published records in this field, each with its sources named.
- Medal of HonorTerminology
- Medal of HonourTerminology
- Medal of St. HallvardTerminology
- Medal of the National Education CommissionTerminology
- MedanaPlace
- MedelbyPlace
- MederdraPlace
- MedfieldPlace
Best supported in this field
For owners
Own an object connected with Medan?
A specialist will read what you send and tell you what the house can establish, what it cannot, and whether the object is suited to sale. There is no charge and no obligation. The object stays with you throughout; nothing is shipped to us unless it is arranged in writing beforehand.