Maria Dulębianka

In 1908, Dulębianka stood for the Agrarian Party in the elections to the Galician Parliament, but was disallowed as a woman by parliamentary rules. When Polish women gained the vote in 1918, Dulębianka served as a delegate to the Provisional Government. She died of typhus, contracted while assisting prisoners in the Polish–Ukrainian War of 1919.

Maria Dulębianka studied at University of Applied Arts Vienna and Académie Julian. Training under Jan Matejko, Leopold Horovitz and Wojciech Gerson is recorded. The recorded working language is Polish. The field of work recorded is women's rights. Work by Maria Dulębianka is recorded in the collections of National Museum in Warsaw and National Museum in Kraków. Distinctions recorded are Cross of Independence and Honorary Medal of the Polish Red Cross.

• Name — Maria Dulębianka • Born — 21 October 1861 • Birthplace — Kraków, Grand Duchy of Kraków, Austrian Empire • Died — 7 March 1919 • Place of death — Lwów, Second Polish Republic • Other Names — Maria Dulembianka • Occupation — * Artist • activist • Years Active — 1881–1919

Maria Dulębianka was born on 21 October 1861 in Kraków, Grand Duchy of Kraków, Austrian Empire, to Maria of Wyczółkowscy and Henryk Dulęba. Her family were landowning gentry with her mother's family bearing the coat of arms of Ślepowron and her father's, the Alabanda coat of arms. She attended the Maliszewska finishing school in Kraków and took private art lessons from Jan Matejko until 1872. Unable to gain admittance to the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts because she was a woman, Dulębianka went on to further her studies at the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts, where she studied with Leopold Horowitz. After two years, she moved first to Warsaw, where she trained with Wojciech Gerson, and then in 1884 to Paris to train at the Académie Julian. In Paris, she studied with William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Carolus-Duran, Jean-Jacques Henner, and Tony Robert-Fleury until 1886. The majority of Dulębianka's paintings were portraits or scenes of women and children. After first exhibiting in Kraków, she participated in showings in Warsaw and later Paris.

• Illustration — Uczony z księgą (Scholar and a Book) by Maria Dulębianka In 1887, Dulębianka returned to Warsaw intent upon opening an art school for women. A supporter of women's suffrage, she advocated for women to be admitted to the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts as early as 1885. In 1889, she met Maria Konopnicka, a mother of eight children and a writer, who was living independently and separated from her husband, Jarosław Konopnicki. Dulębianka was almost 30 at the time, and Konopnicka was 19 years her senior. The two became inseparable and from the time of their meeting, Konopnicka became the main subject of Dulębianka's paintings. The nature of their relationship has not been conclusively settled by academics,Tomasik wrote: "Wciąż na zbadanie i opracowanie czeka zarówno homoseksualizm pisarki, jak i kwestia jej zaangażowania feministycznego". [The homosexuality of the writer [Konopnicka] and the question of her feminist involvement are still waiting for investigation and development.] in part because after their deaths letters were burned by family members, but also because Konopnicka was aware official censors might read her correspondence and rarely wrote about family matters even in her published works. Krzysztof Tomasik, who wrote about Dulębianka in Homobiografie (2008), confirmed that she had had other relationships with women and that the couple had friends who were known lesbians, though the term was not in use at the time. Konopnicka became a strong influence on Dulębianka, who increasingly became involved in social welfare projects and activism for women's rights. In 1890, the couple left Warsaw and began traveling. They visited Germany, Italy, France, and health resorts in Austria and the Czech regions of Austria-Hungary, rarely returning to Poland. They traveled by bicycle and Dulębianka attracted attention for her manner of dressing. She shunned women's attire, instead wearing trousers or a long, straight skirt; cuffed-shirts and ties; a frock coat; and flat-heeled shoes. She also cut her hair short and always wore a monocle or pince-nez glasses. Konopnicka called Dulębianka Piotrek or Pietrek and wrote to her children of their adventures, always referring to things "we" did, rather than "I" did. • Illustration — Portrait of Maria Konopnicka (1902) Wherever they were living, Konopnicka made sure that Dulębianka had a studio to enable her to continue painting. She presented her works at exhibitions and participated in events in Dresden, Kiev, London, Lviv, Munich, Paris and Prague. In 1900, at the Paris Exposition, two of her paintings — Na pokucie (On Penance) and Sieroca dola (The Orphan's Fate) — were honored with distinction and a third, Studium dziewczyny (Girls' Studio) was purchased, while still on display, by the National Museum in Kraków.

In 1897, Dulębianka joined the Emancipation Center in Lviv and successfully pressed the city to establish a women's high school, enabling girls to access higher education. She published articles on women's issues in the feminist journal Ster (journal) (The Rudder) and worked as an editor for Głos Kobiet (Women's Voice) and the Kurier Lwowski (Lviv Courier). In 1901, Dulębianka gave a lecture in Zakopane called Dlaczego ruch kobiecy rozwija się tak powoli? (Why is the Women's Movement Developing so Slowly?). The following year, she gave a talk about women's artistic activity and in 1903 published the article O twórczości kobiet (About Women's Creativity) in Głos Kobiet. Dulembianka fought for the admission of women to the ranks of the students of the Kraków School of Fine Arts and for the creation of a female gymnasium in Lviv. She was also regularly published in the feminist magazine "Ster", published by Paulina Kuchalska-Reinschmidt. In 1902, Konopnicka's 25-year career as a writer was celebrated and as the highest honor that could be bestowed at the time, she was given a home in Żarnowiec as a national gift. From 1903, she and Dulębianka spent their springs and summers at the manor house, but continued to travel the rest of the year. Dulębianka began campaigning for women to gain the right to vote in Galicia in 1907. She emphasized the absence of political rights for women at the Warsaw Philharmonic, explaining that women had only the power of attorney, but no real active or passive rights. The following year, she campaigned as a candidate of the Agrarian Party for the Galician Parliament. Supported by the People's Election Committee and the Progressive Women's Education Club, she launched her campaign with a pre-election speech on the ideal of equality. Her booklet, Polityczne stanowisko kobiety (Woman's Political Stance), criticized political parties for ignoring women and pandering to the whims of public opinion, whipping up support with class and nationalist agendas. Though she received 511 votes from male voters, her name was struck from the voting list because women were not eligible to serve in Parliament and her supporters' votes were nullified. In 1909, Dulębianka spoke on behalf of the Stronnictwo Jutra (Party of Tomorrow), outlining a platform which demanded social equality, Polish independence, and the cooperation of Poles and Ukrainians. When Konopnicka's health began to fail in 1910, the couple moved permanently to Lviv, where they could gain treatment for her at the Kisielki Sanatorium. Konopnicka, Dulębianka's companion for two decades, died on 8 October 1910 and Dulębianka organized a funeral which was attended by thousands of mourners. In 1911, she founded the Women's Electoral Committee to press for women's inclusion in the Lviv City Council and spoke out about the annexation of Chełmszczyzna by the Russian Empire. Continuing her work to secure rights and help the poor, Dulębianka founded the Związek Uprawnienia Kobiet (Union of Women's Rights), the Liga Mężczyzn dla Obrony Praw Kobiet (Men's League for the Defense of Women's Rights) and the Komitet Obywatelskiej Pracy Kobiet (Women's Civic Work Committee). Leading the Civic Work Committee, she established kitchens for the poor, children's nurseries and Klub Uliczników (Street Children's Club), providing help for street children and orphans. When the Rifle Association was formed in Lviv, Dulębianka balked at custom and became one of its first members. In 1914, she urged Civic Work members to support Piłsudski's Legions, when Lviv was occupied by the Imperial Russian Army. She and the Civic Work Committee provided aid to troops and civilians while the city was under Russian authority. In 1918, when Poland regained its independence, women were finally given the right to vote. Dulębianka served as a delegate to the Provisional Government Committee and was elected Chair of the Women's League. When the Polish–Ukrainian War broke out in November, she joined the Polish Red Cross, organized the Polish sanitary service, and participated in the defense of Lviv. Initially she worked as a nurse, but gave up the post to serve as a messenger. She organized relief efforts for Polish soldiers interned in Ukrainian prisoner-of-war camps. Traveling on irregularly-running trains, as well as on foot and horseback, Dulębianka and two hospital workers, Teodozja Dzieduszycka and Maria Opieńska, made their way through the snow to the camp at Mikulińce. In the camp, she contracted typhus and the group returned to Lviv.

Maria Dulębianka is recorded as having received Cross of Independence and Honorary Medal of the Polish Red Cross.