Mahmoud Dowlatabadi

• Name — Mahmoud Dowlatabadi • Born — 1 August 1940 • Birthplace — Sabzevar, Iran • Occupation — Writer, actor • Children — 3 • Relatives — Abdolrasoul Dowlatabadi (father) Fatemeh Dowlatabadi (mother) • Movement — Persian literature • Notable Works — * Kelidar • Missing Soluch • Awards — Man Asian Literary Prize Jan Michalski Prize for Literature Legion of Honour • Website — http: www.mimdowlatabadi.com/

Mahmoud Dowlatabadi was born into a family of shoemakers in Dowlatabad, a remote village in Sabzevar, the northwestern part of Khorasan Province, Iran. He worked as a farmhand and attended Mas'ud Salman Elementary School. Books were a revelation to the young boy. He "read all the romances [available]... around the village". He "read on the roof of the house with a lamp…read War and Peace that way" while living in Tehran. Though his father had little formal education, he introduced Dowlatabadi to the Persian classical poets, Saadi Shirazi, Hafez, and Ferdowsi. His father generally spoke in the language of the great poets. Nahid Mozaffari, who edited a PEN anthology of Iranian literature, said that Dowlatabadi "has an incredible memory of folklore, which probably came from his days as an actor or from his origins, as somebody who didn't have a formal education, who learned things by memorizing the local poetry and hearing the local stories." As a teenager, Dowlatabadi took up a trade like his father and opened a barbershop. One afternoon, he found himself hopelessly bored. He closed the shop, gave the keys to a boy, and told him to tell his father, "Mahmoud's left." He caught a ride to Mashhad, where he worked for a year before leaving for Tehran to pursue theatre. Dowlatabadi worked there for a year before he could attend theatre classes. When he did, he rose to the top of his class, still doing numerous other jobs. He was an actor---and a shoemaker, barber, bicycle repairman, street barker, worker in cotton factory, and cinema ticket taker. Around this time he also ventured into journalism, fiction writing, and screenplays. He said in an interview "whenever I was done with work and wasn't preoccupied with finding food and so on, I would sit down and just write". He performed Brecht (e.g. The Visions of Simone Machard), Arthur Miller (e.g. A View from the Bridge) and Bahram Beyzai (e.g. The Marionettes). He was arrested by the Savak, the Shah's secret police force in 1974. Dowlatabad's novels also attracted the attention of local police. When he asked what was his crime, they told him, "Nothing, but everyone we arrest seems to have copies of your novels so that makes you provocative to revolutionaries." He was in prison for two years. Towards the end of his incarceration, Dowlatabadi said "The story of Missing Soluch came to me all at once, and I wrote the entire work in my head." Dowlatabadi couldn't write anything down while in prison. He "become restless". One of the prisoners...said to him, 'You used to be so good at putting up with prison, now why're you so impatient?' He replied that "my anxiety isn't related to prison and all that came with it, but about something else entirely. I had to write this book." When he was finally released, he wrote Missing Soluch in 70 nights. It later became his first novel published in English, preceding The Colonel.

• Illustration — Dowlatabadi in 2011

Kelidar is a saga about a Kurdish nomadic family that spans 10 books and 2,590 pages. Encyclopædia Iranica praises its "heroic, lyrical, and sensual" language. The story is tremendously popular among Iranians due to "its detailed portrayal of political and social upheaval." Dowlatabadi spent over a decade crafting the tale. "I spent fifteen years preparing, writing short stories, sometimes writing works that were a little longer, the grounds towards what would become Kelidar," he said.

In Missing Soluch, an impoverished woman raises her children in an isolated village after the unexplained disappearance of her husband, Soluch. Though the idea for the novel first came to Dowlatabadi in prison, its origins trace back to his childhood. "My mother used to talk about a woman in the village whose husband had disappeared and had left her alone. She was left to raise several children on her own. Since she didn't want the village to pity her, she would take a bit of lamb's fat and melt it and then toss a handful of dry grass or something into the pan and put this in the oven, so that with the smoke that would come out of the oven the neighbors might think that she was cooking a meat stew for her children that night," he told an interviewer. Missing Soluch was his first work translated into English.

The Colonel is a novel about nation, history, and family, beginning on a rainy night when two policemen summon the Colonel to collect the tortured body of his daughter, a victim of the Islamic Revolution. Dowlatabadi wrote the novel in the 1980s, when intellectuals were in danger of execution. "I hid it in a drawer when I finished it," he said. Though it is published abroad in English, the novel is not available in Iran, in Persian. "I did not even want to have this on their radar," he said. "Either they would take me to prison or prevent me from working. They would have their ways." The novel was first published in Germany, later in the UK and United States. Shargh newspaper published the news of the Colonel Opera in 2022: Der Colonel Oper (version 2018) composed by Siamak Fallahi and the libretto is written by Angelika Messner based on the novel Colonel by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi. The opera have Five acts and 12 Characters which are all accompanied by singers, actors, choirs, large orchestras, and video art on stage. The composer used a new technique which led to a new event in opera and referred to it as the Reformation.

Thirst (Persian: Besmel) is a novel of the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988). It is written from the perspectives of two Iraqi and Iranian writers. The original Persian title refers to the concept of 'besmel' explained in a footnote as: "the supplication required in Islam before the sacrifice of any animal". It is used repeatedly in the text, as the characters find it applies to them.

• ته شب (At the End of the Night) - 1961 • هجرت سلیمان (The Migration of Sulaimaan) - 1972 • آهوی بخت من گزل (My Lucky Doe, Gazelle) - 1989 • بنیآدم (The Children of Aadam/Humans) - 2015

• سفر (The Journey) - 1968 • آوسنه بابا سبحان (Dear Baabaa Subbhaan) - 1968 • گاواربان (Cowherd/Shepherd) - 1972 • باشبیرو (Baashabeeroo) - 1972 • عقیل، عقیل ('Aqeel, 'Aqeel) - 1972 • از خم چنبر (From the Bend of the Circle) - 1977 • آن مادیان سرخیال (That Red-Maned Mare) - mid-1990s • روز و شب یوسف (The Day and Night of Yoosuf) - 2004

• جای خالی سلوچ (Missing Soluch) - 1979 • کلیدر (Kaleedar) - 10 volumes - 1984 • روزگار سپریشده مردم سالخورده (The Bygone Days of Old People) - 3 volumes - 1991 • سلوک (Conduct/Behaviour) - 2003 • طریق بسمل شدن (The {Shia} Way to Say Basmalah [When Slaughtering Animals]/Thirst) - written in 2004-2006, published in 2018 • زوال کلنل (The Decline of the Colonel/The Colonel) - 2009 • وزیری امیر حسنک (Wazeeree Ameer Hasanak) - 2013 • بیرونِ در (Outside the Door) - 2019 • اسبها اسبها از کنار یکدیگر (Horses and Horses, Next to Each Other) - autobiographical - 2020

• In Sweden "Missing Soluch" was translated into Swedish by Stefan Lindgren as "Den tomma platsen". Stockholm, Ordfront, 1999. • "In Norway, Missing Soluch was translated into Norwegian by N. Zandjani as Den tomme plassen etter Soluch. Oslo, Solum forlag 2008. • In Switzerland, Kelidar was translated into German by Sigrid Lutfi, Unionsverlag 1999. • In Iraqi Kurdistan, Kelidar was translated into Central Kurdish by Siyaamand Shaasawaaree (2012) by Sardam Publishers. • In Switzerland, The Colonel was translated into German by Bahman Nirumand, Unionsverlag, 2009. • In Italy, The Colonel was translated into Italian as Il Colonnello by Tom Patterdale in the early 2010s. • In Israel, The Colonel was translated into Hebrew by Orly Noy as "שקיעת הקולונל" (The Decline of the Colonel) translated. Am Oved Publishing, 2012. • In Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Colonel was translated into Bosnian by Mahmood Kodrić, Buybook 2014. • In Pakistan, Gaawaaribaan novella translated in Urdu entitled Charwaahaa (چرواہا) by Shaheed Maanik Saglha in 2024. (Maanik is a young Pakistani author, translator and columnist.)

• In the United States, Missing Soluch was translated into English by Kamran Rastegar, 2007. • In the United Kingdom, The Colonel was translated into English by Tom Patterdale, 2012. • In the United Kingdom, Thirst was translated into English by Martin E. Weir, 2014.

Mahmoud Dowlatabadi is recorded as writer, novelist, playwright and actor.

• لایههای بیابانی (Desert Layers) (سایههای خسته [Tired Shadows], [Iddbaar]ادبار, [At the foot of the Tomb of the Imaamzaadeh Shu'aibb] بند, پای گلدستۀ امامزاده شعیب [Strap], [Desert]بیابانی) - 1968 • کارنامه سپنج (The Career of Sepanj) - includes all short stories (except "My Lucky Doe, Gazelle" and "The Children of Adam"), novellas, and a travelogue - 1989 • گلدستهها و سایهها (Garlands and Shadows) - 2005 • دُرّ یتیم (خشکیدن آب دهان عنکبوت) (The Drool of the Orphan [Drying Up the Saliva of the Spider]) - unknown date of publication

• Salahi, Rajabali, Ali Tasnimi, Mehyar Alavi Moghaddam, and Mahmoud Firouzi Moghaddam. "The Thematic Classification of Proverbs and Ironies in Selected Novels of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi: The Case of Kelidar, Missing Salouch, and The Passed Days of Old People." Culture and Folk Literature E-ISSN: 2423-7000, Vol. 10, No. 43, April – May 2022, (2022): 61-89.