Mahadev Govind Ranade
Rao Bahadur Mahadev Govind Ranade (18 January 1842 – 16 January 1901), popularly referred to as Nyayamurti Ranade (lit. Justice Ranade), was an Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author. He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress party and held several designations such as Member of the Bombay Legislative Council and Member of the Finance Committee at the Centre.
Mahadev Govind Ranade

Ankur Gupta from Bangalore, India · Mahadev Govind Ranade · CC BY 2.0
- Name
- Mahadev Govind Ranade
- Born
- 18 January 1842
- Birthplace
- Niphad, Nasik District, Bombay Presidency, British India (now Maharashtra, India)
- Died
- 16 January 1901 18 January 1842
- Place of death
- Bombay Presidency, British India (now Maharashtra, India)
- Occupation
- Scholar, social reformer, author
- Known for
- Co-founder of Indian National Congress
- Education
- University of Bombay
- Spouse
- Ramabai Ranade
- Nationality
- British Raj
- Honours
- Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire
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Rao Bahadur Mahadev Govind Ranade (18 January 1842 – 16 January 1901), popularly referred to as Nyayamurti Ranade (lit. Justice Ranade), was an Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author. He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress party and held several designations such as Member of the Bombay Legislative Council and Member of the Finance Committee at the Centre.
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wikidata · Q982481 · wikipedia · Mahadev Govind Ranade
In this article
Biography
Biography
He was also a judge of the Bombay High Court. During his life, he helped establish the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Maharashtra Granthottejak Sabha and Prarthana Samaj. He also edited a Bombay Anglo-Marathi daily paper—The Induprakash, founded on his ideology of social and religious reform. He was accorded the title of Rao Bahadur.

Mahadev Govind Ranade
Anonymous Unknown author · Prarthna Samajacha Itihas (History of Prarthana Samaj), 1927 - Dwarkanath Govind Vaidya
Key facts
Key facts
• Name — Mahadev Govind Ranade • Honorific Prefix — Rao Bahadur • Honorific Suffix — CIE • Born — 18 January 1842 • Birthplace — Niphad, Nasik District, Bombay Presidency, British India (now Maharashtra, India) • Died — 16 January 1901 18 January 1842 • Place of death — Bombay Presidency, British India (now Maharashtra, India) • Occupation — Scholar, social reformer, author • Citizenship — British Indian • Known for — Co-founder of Indian National Congress • Political Party — Indian National Congress • Education — University of Bombay • Honours — Rao Bahadur Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire • Spouse — Ramabai Ranade
Early life and family
Early life and family
• Illustration — Statue of Justice Ranade in Mumbai Mahadev Govind Ranade was born into a Chitpavan Brahmin family in Niphad, a taluka town in Nashik district. His education was in a Marathi school in Kolhapur and later shifted to an English-medium school. At the age of 14, he admitted at Elphinstone College, Bombay. He belonged to the first batch of students at the University of Bombay. In 1862, he obtained a B.A. degree in history & economics, and in 1864 an M.A. in history. Three years later, he obtained his L.L.B. (law degree) in 1866.
Judge
Judge
After obtaining his L.L.B., Ranade became a subordinate judge in Pune in 1871. Given his political activities and public popularity, the British colonial authorities delayed his promotion to the Bombay High Court until 1895.
Social activism
Female emancipation
Female emancipation
His efforts to "Humanise and Equalise" Indian society found its primary focus in women. He campaigned against the 'purdah system' (keeping women behind the veil). He was a founder of the Social Conference movement, which he supported until his death, directing his social reform efforts against child marriage, the tonsure of widows, the heavy cost of weddings and other social functions and the caste restrictions on travelling abroad. He strenuously advocated widow remarriage and female education. In 1861, when he was still a teenager, Ranade co-founded the 'Widow Marriage Association'. It promoted marriage for Hindu widows and acted as native compradors for the colonial government's project of passing a law permitting such marriages. He chose to take prayaschitta (religious penance) in the Panch-Houd Mission Case rather than insisting on his opinions.
Girls' education
Girls' education
In 1885, Ranade along with Vaman Abaji Modak and historian Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar established the Maharashtra Girls Education Society to start Huzurpaga, the oldest girls' high school in India. The school was established in the former stable yard of the Bajirao I Peshwa in Narayan Peth, Pune.
Personal life
Personal life
section When Ranade was 30 years, his first wife died. His family wanted him to remarry, especially since he had no children. His reformer friends expected him, who had co-founded the 'Widow Marriage Association' as far back as 1861, to act in accordance with his own sermons and marry a widow. However, Ranade yielded to his family's wishes and conformed with convention to marry Ramabai, a girl who was barely eleven years old and twenty years younger to him. Ramabai was born in 1862, nearly a year after Ranade had founded his 'Widow Marriage Association'. He acceded to the marriage because he anticipated that if he married an already wedded woman, the children born to her would be considered illegitimate outcasts by his society. The irony of the affair is that while Ranade faced ridicule and accusations of hypocrisy, his ardent wish remained unfulfilled: his second marriage also remained childless. The wedding was held in full compliance with tradition and was a happy one. Ramabai was a daughter of the Kurlekar family, which belonged to the same caste and social strata as Ranade. The couple had a completely harmonious and conventional marriage. Ranade ensured that his wife receive education, something that she was not keen about initially. However, like all Indian women of that era, she complied with her husband's wishes and grew into her new life. After Ranade's death, Ramabai Ranade continued the social and educational reform work initiated by him.
In popular culture
In popular culture
A television series on Zee Marathi named Unch Majha Zoka (roughly translated as 'My Swing Flies High') based on Ramabai's and Mahadevrao's life and their development as a 'women's rights' activist was broadcast in March 2012. It was based on a book by Ramabai Ranade titled Amachyaa Aayushyaatil Kaahi Aathavani. In the book, Justice Ranade is called "Madhav" rather than Mahadev. The series had actors Vikram Gaikwad as Mahadev Govind Ranade and Spruha Joshi as Ramabai Ranade.He himself is quoted as saying that "I am Vishnu (Madhav) and not Shiva (Mahadev)" (see pages 12, 121). This anomaly was discovered by Ms. Vibhuti V. Dave, while translating the book into Gujarati, under the title Amaaraa naa Sambhaaranaa ".
Places
Named by the record
Places
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Niphad.
Birth place
Pune.
Death place
Published works
•; reprinted in 1999 as •. * •; reprinted by CHIZINE PUBN as
Primary material
Documents and archives
reference work
- “Mahadev Govind Ranade”, English Wikipedia, consulted as further reading
Reputable secondary · Wikipedia
- Wikidata, structured authority record Q982481: Mahadev Govind Ranade
Reputable secondary · Wikidata
scholarly publication
- Mahadev Govind Ranade and Roots of constitutional Morality of India, 2026
Scholarly · Crossref registry · 2026
Notes from the source article
Cited by Wikipedia
Notes from the source article
These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
- 1.Ranade, Mahadeo Govind. 22. 884.
- 2.Mahadev Govinde Ranade.
- 3."Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers (Vol. 22 : The Political Thought of Mahadev Govind Ranade)", p. 19
- 4.Mahadev Govind Ranade (Rao Bahadur). The Miscellaneous Writings of the Late Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.G. Ranade. Sahitya Akademi. 1992.
- 5.Wolpert, Stanley A. Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India By. Oxford University Press. 302. April 1991. 978-0195623925.
- 6.K. S. Bharathi. Encyclopaedia of Eminent Thinkers: The political thought of Mahadev Govind Ranade. Concept Publishing Company. 18–. 1998. 978-81-8069-582-7.
- 7.Mahadev Govind Ranade – Biography & Contributions. IAS Express. 24 March 2023.
- 8.Stanley A. Wolpert. Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India. University of California Press. 12. 1962.
- 9.EPS - 03, IGNOU. UNIT 5 JUSTICE M.G. RANADE. Block-2 Socio-political Reform in the 19th Century India.
- 10.शुक्ल, डा0 अरविन्द कुमार. महादेव गोविंद रानाडे: एक समाज सुधारक. International Journal of Advanced Research in Multidisciplinary Sciences eISSN 2581-8996. 5. 1. 245–248. 31 January 2022. 2581-8996.
- 11.Hulas Singh. Rise of Reason: Intellectual history of 19th-century Maharashtra. Routledge. 303–. 25 September 2015. 978-1-317-39874-5.
- 12.Richards, Glyn. A SOURCE-BOOK OF MODERN HINDUISM. Curzon Press. 76–81. 1985. 0 7007 0317 9.
- 13.Tucker, Richard P. Ranade and the Roots of Indian Nationalism. Popular Prakashan. 60–63. 1977.
- 14.Oak, Alok. Colonial transformation and Asian religions in modern history. Cambridge Scholar's Publishing. 59–60. 2018. 9781527519121.
- 15.Astrojyoti.com. THE GROWTH OF NEW INDIA, 1858-1905. 17 May 2012.
- 16.Bakshi, SR. Mahadev Govind Ranade. South Asia Books. 42. 1993. 978-81-7041-605-0.
- 17.Loss of Caste.
- 18.Orient Longman. Education and the disprivileged : nineteenth and twentieth century India. 239. 2002. 978-8125021926.
- 19.Ghurye, G. S. (1954). Social Change in Maharashtra, II. Sociological Bulletin, page 51.
- 20.Mukherjee, M., 1993. Story, history and her story. Studies in History, 9(1), pp.71-85.
- 21.Dave, Vibhuti. Amaaraa Sahajivan naa Sambhaaranaa. Self. 12, 121. 6 December 2014.
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Social activism
Ranade was a progressive social activist whose performance were deeply influenced by western culture and the colonial state. His activities ranged from religious reform to public education and reform within the Indian family. Ranade was a vocal critic of caste system. In every area, he was prone to see little virtue in Indian customs and traditions and to strive for reforming the subject into the mould of what prevailed in the west. He himself summarised the mission of the Indian Social Reform Movement as being to "Humanise, Equalise and Spiritualise," the implication being that existing Indian society lacked these qualities. He worked for the reform of certain customs such as child marriage, purdah, prohibition of widow-remarriage and intermarriage between castes. He believed that society must grow and change through a slow, natural process. He called the "philosophy of Theism" was based on three main parts of existence: People, Nature and God. While these three are distinct, they are harmonized together in the universe. He believed every person's soul is linked to the "Soul of the Universe" through faith, hope and love. He told people to stop worshipping idols and instead worship one "Supreme Being". He joined the Prarthana Samaj, a religious and social reform organization, in 1867, and the Poona Prarthana Samaj in 1869. Historians have regarded Ranade as an intellectual leader in the movement. Ranade was influenced by Bishop Joseph Butler in linking the social justice work of the Prarthama Samaj with Christian metaphysics.