Ludwik Fleck

Ludwik Fleck studied at Lviv University and Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University. The recorded working language is Polish, German and Ukrainian. The field of work recorded is philosophy, immunology and biology. Places of work recorded in the authority are Lublin and Warsaw. Employment is recorded with Lviv University. Distinctions recorded are Polish State Award, Medal of the 10th Anniversary of People's Poland and Officer of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

• Name — Ludwik Fleck • Native Name — לודוויק פלק • Born — 11 July 1896 • Birthplace — Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary • Died — 5 June 1961 • Place of death — Ness Ziona, Israel • Discipline — * Philosophy of science • Sociology of science • Alma Mater — Jan Kazimierz University • Notable Works — Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (in German, 1935; in English, 1979) • Known for — Contributions to logology Denkstil ("thought style") Denkkollektiv ("thought collective") Incommensurability (niewspółmierność) • Influences — Rudolf Weigl • Influenced — Thomas Kuhn Michel Foucault

Ludwik Fleck was born in Lemberg (Lwów in Polish, now L'viv, Ukraine) into a Jewish family and grew up in the cultural autonomy of the Austrian province of Galicia. He graduated from a Polish lyceum (secondary school) in 1914 and enrolled at Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University, where he received his medical degree. In 1920 he became an assistant to the famous typhus specialist Rudolf Weigl at Jan Kazimierz University. From 1923 to 1935 Fleck worked in the department of internal medicine at Lwów General Hospital, then became director of the bacteriological laboratory at the local social security authority. From 1935 he worked at the private bacteriological laboratory which he had earlier founded. With Nazi Germany's occupation of Lwów, Fleck was sent with his wife, Ernestina Waldmann, and son Ryszard to the city's Jewish ghetto. He continued his research in the hospital and developed a new procedure in which he procured a vaccine from the urine of typhus patients. Fleck's work was known to the German occupiers, and his family were arrested in December 1942 and sent to the Laokoon pharmaceutical factory to produce a typhus serum. He and his family were arrested again and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp on 7 February 1943. His task was to diagnose syphilis, typhus, and other illnesses using serological tests. From December 1943 until the liberation of Poland on 11 April 1945, Fleck was detained in Buchenwald concentration camp; there he worked with Marian Ciepielowski to produce a working typhus vaccine for camp inmates, while producing a fake vaccine for the SS. Between 1945 and 1952, in Lublin, he served as head of the Institute of Microbiology at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University School of Medicine. In 1952 he moved to Warsaw to become director of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Mother and Child State Institute. In 1954 he was elected a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Fleck's research during these years focused on the behavior of leucocytes in infectious and stress situations. Between 1946 and 1957 he published 87 medical and scientific articles in Polish, French, English, and Swiss journals. In 1951 he was awarded the National Prize for Scientific Achievements, and in 1955 the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. In 1956, after a heart attack and the discovery that he was suffering from lymphosarcoma, Fleck emigrated to Israel, where a position was created for him at the Israel Institute for Biological Research. He died in 1961, aged 64, of a second heart attack. The Ludwik Fleck Prize is awarded annually for the best book in the field of science and technology studies. The prize was created in 1992 by the 4S Council (Society for the Social Studies of Science).

Fleck wrote that the development of truth in scientific research was an unattainable ideal, since researchers are locked into thought collectives (or thought-styles). "[P]ure and direct observation cannot exist: in the act of perceiving objects, the observer, i.e. the epistemological subject, is always influenced by the [period] and... environment to which he belongs, that is, by what Fleck calls the thought style." In Fleck's work, thought style is closely associated with representational style. A "fact" is a relative value, expressed in the language or symbolism of the thought collective in which it belongs, and subject to the collective's social and temporal structure. He argues, however, that within the cultural style of a thought collective, knowledge claims or facts are constrained by passive elements arising from observations and experience of the natural world. The passive resistance of natural experience represented within the stylized means of the thought collective can be verified by anyone adhering to the culture of the thought collective, and thus facts can be agreed upon within a particular thought style. While a fact may be verifiable within its own collective, it may not be verifiable in other collectives. Fleck felt that the development of scientific facts and concepts is not unidirectional and does not consist only of accumulating new pieces of information, but at times requires changing older concepts, methods of observation, and forms of representation. This changing of prior knowledge is difficult because a collective acquires a specific way of investigating, which brings with it a blindness to alternative ways of observing and conceptualizing. Change is possible especially when members of two thought collectives meet and cooperate in observing and in formulating hypotheses. Fleck strongly advocated comparative epistemology. He also noted some features of the culture of modern natural sciences that recognize provisionality and evolution of knowledge along the value of pursuit of passive resistances. This approach anticipated later developments in social constructionism, and especially the development of critical science and technology studies. Kuhn wrote in a foreword to the translation of Fleck's Genesis and development of a scientific fact that he was uncertain how much his earlier readings of Fleck's text had contributed to his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

• Genesis and development of a scientific fact (Chicago 1979)

Ludwik Fleck worked in philosophy, immunology, biology, history and microbiology. He was employed by Lviv University. He belonged to Polish Academy of Sciences. He worked at Lublin and Warsaw.