Lili Elbe

An opera based on her life, Lili Elbe, composed by Tobias Picker, premiered in 2023.[8][9]

• Name — Lili Elbe • Born — 28 December 1882 • Birthplace — Vejle, Denmark • Died — 13 September 1931 • Place of death — Dresden, Germany • Other Names — Lili Ilse Elvenes (legal name)

It is generally believed that Elbe was born in 1882, in Vejle, Denmark, the child of Ane Marie Thomsen and spice merchant Mogens Wilhelm Wegener, according to the registry at St. Nicolai Church.[11] Her birth year is sometimes cited as 1886 by a book about her in which some facts have been changed to protect the identities of the persons involved. Facts about the life of her wife Gerda Wegener-Gottlieb, suggest that the 1882 date is correct because they married while at college in 1904, when Elbe would have been just eighteen if the 1886 date were correct.[12][13] It is speculated that Elbe was intersex,[14] although that has been disputed.[17] Some reports indicate that she already had rudimentary ovaries in her abdomen and may have had Klinefelter syndrome.[18]

• Illustration — Gerda Gottlieb, 1904 • Illustration — Elbe c. 1920 Elbe met Gerda Gottlieb while they were students at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen,[19] and they married in 1904 when Gottlieb was nineteen and Elbe twenty-two.[20] Gerda came from a conservative family, as her father was a vicar in the Lutheran church.[21] They worked as illustrators, with Elbe specialising in landscape paintings while Gottlieb illustrated books and fashion magazines. They travelled throughout Italy and France before settling in Paris in 1912, where Elbe could live more openly as a woman by posing as Gottlieb's sister-in-law.[22] Elbe received the Neuhausens præmie in 1907 and exhibited at Kunstnernes Efterårsudstilling (the Artists' Autumn Exhibition) at the Vejle Museum of Art in Denmark, where she remains represented, and in the Saloon and Salon d'Automne in Paris.[23] Elbe started dressing in women's clothes after she found she enjoyed the stockings and heels she wore to fill in for Gottlieb's model, actress Anna Larssen, who, on one occasion, had been late for a sitting. Larssen suggested the name Lili, and, by the 1920s, Elbe regularly presented with that name as a woman, attending various festivities and entertaining guests in her house. Gottlieb became famous for her paintings of beautiful women with haunting, almond-shaped eyes, dressed in chic apparel. The model for these depictions of petites femmes fatales was Elbe.[24][25] Elbe stopped painting after her transition. • Illustration — alt=Watercolor painting of a woman with blonde hair, wearing a flapper dress sitting at a table with a glass of champagne. Portrait, c. 1928 • Illustration — alt=Oil painting of a woman with dark hair wearing a red dress, looking at the viewer while smoking a cigarette in front of a card game table Portrait, n.d. no date

• Illustration — Elbe in 1930 In 1930, Elbe went to Germany for sex reassignment surgery, which was highly experimental at the time. She contemplated suicide before learning of these options.[26] While in Germany, Elbe stayed in the Hirschfeld Institute for Sexual Science.[27] Prior to commencing any surgical procedures, Elbe's psychological health was evaluated by German sexologist, Magnus Hirschfeld, through a series of tests. A series of four operations were then carried out over a period of two years. The first surgery, performed in Berlin, was the removal of the testicles, carried out by Erwin Gohrbandt.[28] The remainder of her surgeries were carried out by Kurt Warnekros, a doctor at the Dresden Municipal Women's Clinic.[29] All of Lili Elbe's medical documents were ruined as a consequence of the Allied bombing raids that destroyed the clinic and its archives.[30] The second operation was to implant an ovary onto her abdominal musculature and the third to remove the penis and the scrotum.[31] By this time, her case had become a sensation in Danish and German newspapers. A Danish court annulled the couple's marriage in October 1930,[32] and Elbe was able to have her sex and name legally changed, even receiving a passport as Lili Ilse Elvenes.[33] The name "Lili Elbe" was first used in print in a Danish newspaper article written by Copenhagen journalist Louise "Loulou" Lassen for Politiken in February 1931.[34] Elbe returned to Dresden and began a relationship with French art dealer Claude Lejeune, whom she wanted to marry and have children with.[35] Gerda went on to marry an Italian man after separating from Elbe, although the marriage ended in divorce shortly after.[36] In 1931, Elbe returned for her fourth surgery, to transplant a uterus and construct a vaginal canal.[37] This made her one of the earliest transgender women to undergo a vaginoplasty surgery, a few weeks after Erwin Gohrbandt performed the experimental procedure on Dora Richter.

Following Elbe's fourth surgery, her immune system rejected the transplanted uterus, as immunosuppressive drugs were not yet widely used as they are with modern organ transplants. Organ rejection caused an infection, which led to her death from cardiac arrest on 13 September 1931 in Dresden, Germany, three months after the surgery.[38] Elbe was buried in Trinity Cemetery (Dresden) in Dresden, Germany, but the grave was leveled in the 1960s. In April 2016, a new tombstone was erected, financed by Focus Features, the production company that produced The Danish Girl.[40]

The LGBTQ+ film festival MIX Copenhagen gives out four Lili Awards each year, named after Elbe.[43] In 2000, David Ebershoff wrote The Danish Girl, a fictionalized account of Elbe's life.[44] It was an international bestseller and translated into many languages. This novel provided one of the earliest fictional accounts of gender affirmation surgery, which shaped LGBTQ+ literature.[45] In 2015, it was made into a film of the same name, produced by Gail Mutrux and Neil LaBute, starring Eddie Redmayne as Elbe. The film was well received at the Venice Film Festival in September 2015,[46] though it has been criticised for casting a cisgender man to play a transgender woman.[47] Both the novel and film omitted several topics, including Gottlieb's sexuality, which is evidenced by the subjects in her erotic drawings,[48] and the disintegration of Gottlieb and Elbe's relationship after their annulment.[49] In 2026, it was announced that The Danish Girl would be adapted into a stage musical.[50] Tobias Picker's opera Lili Elbe, featuring Lucia Lucas, premiered at Theater St. Gallen, Switzerland. Based on the life of Lili Elbe and the book Man into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex, the opera premiered on 22 October 2023,[53] and received "Best World Premiere" in the 2023 Oper! Awards.

Lili Elbe was recorded at birth as Einar Magnus Andreas Wegener. The authorities additionally record the headings Lili Ilse Elvenes, Einar Mogens Andreas Wegener and Einar Wegener. His recorded language was Danish.