Laura Bridgman

For several years, Bridgman gained celebrity status when Charles Dickens met her during his 1842 American tour and wrote about her accomplishments in his American Notes. Her fame was short-lived, however, and she spent the remainder of her life in relative obscurity, most of it at the Perkins Institute, where she passed her time sewing and reading books in Braille.

• Name — Laura Dewey Lynn Bridgman • Born — 21 December 1829 • Baptised — 1/21 • Birthplace — Hanover, New Hampshire, US • Died — 24 May 1889 • Place of death — Boston, Massachusetts, US • Resting Place — Dana Cemetery, Hanover, New Hampshire • Education — Perkins School for the Blind

Bridgman was born in Hanover, New Hampshire. She was the third daughter of Daniel Bridgman, a Baptist farmer, and his wife Harmony (daughter of Cushman Downer, and granddaughter of Joseph Downer), one of the five first settlers (1761) of Thetford, Vermont. Laura was a delicate infant, small and rickety, who often had convulsions until she was eighteen months old. Her family was struck with scarlet fever when Laura was two years old. The illness killed her two older sisters and left her deaf, blind, and without senses of smell or taste. Though she gradually recovered her health, she remained deaf and blind. Laura's mother kept her well-groomed and showed the child affection, but Laura received little attention from the rest of her family, including her father, who, on occasion, tried to "frighten her into obedience" by stamping his foot hard on the floor to startle her with the vibrations. Her closest friend was a kind, mentally impaired hired man of the Bridgmans, Asa Tenney, whom she credited with making her childhood happy. Tenney had some kind of expressive language disorder himself, and communicated with Laura in signs. He knew Native Americans who used a sign language (probably Abenaki using Plains Indian Sign Language), and had begun to teach Laura to express herself using these signs when she was sent away to school.

From the beginning of his work with Bridgman, Howe sent accounts of her progress and his teaching strategies to European journals, which were "read by thousands." In January 1842, Charles Dickens visited the Institution, and afterwards he wrote enthusiastically in his American Notes of Howe's success with Bridgman. Dickens quotes Howe's account of Bridgman's education: Following the publication of Dickens's book, Bridgman became world famous. Thousands of people visited her at the Perkins School, "asked for keepsakes, followed her in the newspapers, and read paeans to her in evangelical journals and ladies' magazines". On Saturdays, the school was open to the public. Crowds gathered to watch Laura read and point out locations on a map with raised letters. Laura became "very much excited" by these events, but her teachers were concerned because Laura knew she drew more attention than the other students. In the late 1840s, Howe said that "perhaps there are not three living women whose names are more widely known than Laura Bridgman's; and there is not one who has excited so much sympathy and interest."

Bridgman suffered a series of emotional losses during her teenage years and early twenties. In 1841, Lydia Drew, Laura's first teacher at the Perkins School, left her teaching position to marry. Drew was replaced by Mary Swift, an excellent teacher, though not as openly affectionate with Bridgman as Drew had been. Swift also attempted to instill Bridgman with her Congregationalist religious views in direct defiance of Howe's New England Unitarianism. An even more devastating loss occurred in May 1843 when Howe married Julia Ward, a woman 18 years his junior. Howe had treated Bridgman as a daughter, and she had loved him as a father. She was depressed by the lengthy separation following the marriage—the Howes' honeymoon in Europe lasted 15 months—and worried that Howe would no longer love her now that he had taken a wife. Bridgman's fears were realized when the couple returned from their honeymoon in August 1844. Howe had lost interest in Bridgman, though he had made provisions for her to have a home at the school for life. Bridgman never developed a close relationship with Julia Ward Howe who, according to her daughters, had a "physical distaste for the abnormal and defective" and a "natural shrinking from the blind and other defectives with whom she was often thrown" following her marriage to Howe. Mary Swift left the school in May 1845 to get married, leaving Bridgman without any instruction for several months. Bridgman's next teacher, Sarah Wight, compensated for many of the losses Bridgman had suffered in recent years. A gentle, religious, outwardly timid young woman to whom Bridgman was immediately drawn, Wight taught Bridgman the traditional academic subjects — mathematics, history, geography — but she also set aside plenty of time for the two of them to engage in "finger" conversations, one of the activities Bridgman liked best. While Wight cared deeply for Bridgman, she also felt that, because of her "celebrity" status, the girl enjoyed privileges denied to other students. Bridgman had a private room, and she rarely mingled with the other students unless they paid her "particular attention". Wight also saw that Bridgman could be willful and irritable, behavior characteristics that required discipline. Bridgman could also be emotionally demanding of her young teacher, becoming peevish and short-tempered whenever Wight wanted some time alone. In 1845 at the age of sixteen, Bridgman developed anorexia, her weight falling from 113 pounds to 79 pounds. Howe rightly surmised that Bridgman was "reacting to the many abandonments and losses she had endured," and he proposed that she pay a visit to her family, with whom she had had little contact in recent years. Accompanied by Wight, Bridgman traveled to her family's New Hampshire farm in June 1846. She particularly enjoyed being reunited with her mother, sisters Mary and Collina, and brother Addison, who was able to communicate with Bridgman in sign language. She was also reunited with her old friend Asa Tenney, who visited her frequently during her two-week stay. Though Bridgman resumed eating, her often obstinate and temperamental behavior persisted; this troubled Wight, who understood that few people would endure such conduct in a grown woman. Wight left the Perkins School in November 1850, having spent five years as Bridgman's teacher and companion. Wight was engaged to a Unitarian missionary, George Bond, and following their marriage, the couple planned to travel to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii). Bridgman begged to go along as Wight's housekeeper but, ultimately, Wight went without her, leaving Bridgman with no friend, companion or teacher to console her.

With no outward sources of consolation, Bridgman turned inward to prayer and meditation. She eventually embraced her family's Baptist religion and was baptized in July 1862. She began occasionally to write devotional poems, of which "Holy Home" is the best known: Heaven is holy home. Holy Home is from ever lasting to ever lasting. Holy home is Summery. Holy home shall endure forever... Bridgman feared death, but she saw heaven as a "place where these fears might at last be laid to rest".

Bridgman's formal education ended when Wight left the school in 1850. She returned to New Hampshire and, for a time, she enjoyed being reunited with her family; however, she was homesick for the school and her anorexia eventually returned. When Howe learned that Bridgman's health was rapidly deteriorating, he sent a teacher, Mary Paddock, to the Bridgman home to take his former student back to the school. Bridgman's health gradually improved, and though she received occasional visitors, she was now largely forgotten by the public. She occupied herself by writing letters to her mother and a few friends — Bridgman kept in touch with both Mary Swift and Sarah Wight — sewing, reading the Bible in braille, and keeping her room fastidiously clean. She earned a little spending money, about $100 a year, from selling her crocheted doilies, purses, and embroidered handkerchiefs, but she was primarily dependent upon the school to supply her with room and board. Bridgman was a skilled textile creator, making intricate lace collars and other trim such as complicated bead work. Examples of her work are available in museum archives, including her tatting examples at the Perkins School for the Blind. Bridgman lived a relatively quiet and uneventful life at the school. She never became a full-time teacher, but she assisted the young blind girls in their sewing classes, where she was considered a "patient but demanding instructor." In 1872, several cottages (each under a matron) for the blind girls were added to the Perkins campus, and Bridgman was moved from the larger house of the Institution into one of them. Bridgman, always eager for someone to communicate with in sign language, befriended Anne Sullivan when they shared a cottage in the early 1880s. The death of Howe in 1876 was a great grief to her, but before he died he had made arrangements ensuring her financial security at the school for the rest of her life. In 1887 her jubilee was celebrated there. On February 13, 1889, Nellie Bly interviewed her for the New York World newspaper. In 1889 she was taken ill, and died on May 24. She was buried at Dana Cemetery in Hanover, New Hampshire near her family's farm.