Joy Adamson

Adamson worked between 1910 and 1980 across writer, naturalist, painter, environmentalist and botanical illustrator and 7 further recorded occupations. This article rests on 39 published texts and 38 scholarly references drawn from named institutional registers. Every statement below returns to a source shown in the evidence panel; where the record is silent or divided, the article says so instead of resolving it.

• Name — Joy Adamson • Birth Name — Friederike Victoria Gessner • Born — 20 January 1910 • Birthplace — Troppau, Austrian Silesia, Austria-Hungary (now Opava, Czech Republic) • Died — 3 January 1980 • Place of death — Shaba National Reserve, Kenya • Resting Place — Meru National Park • Death Cause — Homicide • Occupation — * Naturalist • Artist • Author

Adamson was born to Victor and Traute Gessner (Greipel) in Troppau, Silesia, Austria-Hungary (now Opava, Czech Republic), the second of three daughters. Her parents divorced when she was 10, and she went to live with her grandmother in Vienna. In her autobiography The Searching Spirit, Adamson wrote about her grandmother, saying, "It is to her I owe anything that may be good in me". She grew up on an estate near Opava in the village called Kreuzberg (now Kružberk, Czech Republic). With the outbreak of the WWI she had moved to Vienna earning a music degree before studying sculpting and medicine. As a young adult, Adamson considered careers as a concert pianist, and in medicine. Adamson married three times in the span of ten years. Her first marriage in 1935 was to Viktor von Klarwill. She went to Kenya in 1937 where she met and married in 1938 the botanist Peter Bally, who gave her the nickname "Joy". Bally did botanical paintings, and it was he who encouraged her to continue sketching and painting the flora and fauna in her surroundings. She met her third husband, wildlife warden George Adamson, while on safari in the early 1940s and married him in 1944. They made their home together in Kenya. In 1956, George Adamson, in the course of his job as game warden of the Northern Frontier District in Kenya, shot and killed a lioness as she charged him and another warden. He later realized the lioness was protecting her cubs, which were found nearby in a rocky crevice. Taking them home, Joy and George found it difficult to care for all the cubs' needs. The two largest cubs, named "Big One" and "Lustica", were passed on to be cared for by a zoo in Rotterdam, and the smallest, Elsa the Lioness, was raised by the couple. After some time living together, the Adamsons decided to set Elsa free rather than send her to a zoo, and spent many months training her to hunt and survive on her own. Elsa became the first lioness successfully released back into the wild, the first to have contact after release, and the first to have a litter of cubs. The Adamsons kept their distance from the cubs, getting close enough only to photograph them. In January 1961, Elsa died from babesiosis, a disease resulting from a tick bite. Her three young cubs became a nuisance, killing the livestock of local farmers. The Adamsons, who feared the farmers might kill the cubs, were able to eventually capture them and transport them to neighboring Tanganyika Territory, where they were promised a home at Serengeti National Park. In the concluding part of Forever Free the Adamsons lost track of the cubs in their new home. After describing a fruitless search, Joy Adamson contemplated a pair of lions: My heart was with them wherever they were. But it was also with these two lions here in front of us; and as I watched this beautiful pair, I realized how all the characteristics of our cubs were inherent in them. Indeed, in every lion I saw during our searches I recognized the intrinsic nature of Elsa, Jespah, Gopa and Little Elsa, the spirit of all the magnificent lions in Africa. During Elsa's lifetime, the Adamsons needed each other to educate her, but after she died and her cubs were taken in by the park, their interests went in separate directions, as did their lives. While neither wanted a divorce nor a legal separation, their conflicting interests (George wanted to continue to work with lions and she with cheetahs) made it necessary for them to live apart (though they sometimes discussed living together again, they never did). They spent each Christmas together and they remained on good terms. Using her own notes and George's journals, Joy wrote Born Free to tell the lion's tale. She submitted it to a number of publishers before it was bought by Harvill Press, part of HarperCollins. Published in 1960, it became a bestseller, spending 13 weeks at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and nearly a year on the chart overall. The success of the book was due to both the story of Elsa and the dozens of photographs of her. Readers had pictures of many of the events of Elsa's life leading up to her release. Subsequent books were also heavily illustrated. Born Free received largely favorable reviews from critics. Adamson worked closely with publishers to promote the book, which contributed to the Adamsons' new-found international celebrity. She spent the rest of her life raising money for wildlife, thanks to the popularity of Born Free. The book was followed by Living Free, which is about Elsa as a mother to her cubs, and Forever Free, which tells of the release of the cubs Jespah, Gopa and Little Elsa. Adamson shared book proceeds with various conservation projects. While television specials kept the Adamsons' cause in the spotlight, Adamson spent her last 10 years travelling the world, giving speeches about the perils faced by wildlife in Africa. A book of her paintings, Joy Adamson's Africa, was published in 1972. She rehabilitated a cheetah and an African leopard. Pippa the cheetah was raised as a pet and given to Adamson at the age of seven months in hopes that she could also be released. Pippa had four litters before her death. Adamson wrote The Spotted Sphinx and Pippa's Challenge about Pippa and her cheetah family. Later, Adamson reached her goal of many years, when she obtained an African leopard cub. Penny was eight weeks old when a ranger acquaintance of George Adamson found her in 1976. Penny had a litter of two cubs before the publication of Queen of Shaba, Adamson's posthumous and final book. During her lifetime, she created more than 500 paintings and line drawings. Her work included portraits of the indigenous populations commissioned by the government of Kenya, as well as botanical illustrations for at least seven books on East African flora. She also did animal paintings, among them studies of Elsa and Pippa.

• Born Free (1960) • Elsa: The Story of a Lioness (1961) • Living Free: The story of Elsa and her cubs (1961) • Forever Free: Elsa's Pride (1962) • The Spotted Sphinx (1969) • Pippa: The Cheetah and her Cubs (1970) • Joy Adamson's Africa (1972) • Pippa's Challenge (1972) • Peoples of Kenya (1975) • also, (1978) • Queen of Shaba: The Story of an African Leopard (1980) • Friends from the Forest (1980)

Joy Adamson was born on 20 January 1910 in Opava.

• A Lifetime With Lions. (Autobiography). Doubleday,1968. ASIN: B0006BQAZW • Bwana Game: The Life Story of George Adamson, Collins & Harvill (April 1969), • also, The Harvill Press (22 September 1986),

• Wild Heart: The Story of Joy Adamson, Author of Born Free by Anne E. Neimark. • Sleeping With Lions by Netta Pfeifer • Joy Adamson: Behind the Mask by Caroline Cass. • The Great Safari: The Lives of George and Joy Adamson by Adrian House

• Gardening in East Africa, II edition • At least six other books depicting the flowers, trees, and shrubs of East Africa

• Elsa the Lioness (1961), a documentary introduced and narrated by David Attenborough, it followed the Adamsons as they visited Elsa and her cubs in the wild, shortly before her death, and tended to her injuries following a fight with another lioness. • Born Free • Living Free • Elsa & Her Cubs – 25 minutes; Benchmark Films Copyright MCMLXXI by Elsa Wild Animal Appeal and Benchmark Films, Inc. • Joy Adamson – About the Adamsons – Producer-Benchmark Films, Inc. • Joy Adamson's Africa (1977) – 86 minutes • The Joy Adamson Story (1980) – Programme featuring interviews with Adamson about her life and work in Austria and in Africa, and her famous lioness Elsa. Director: Dick Thomsett Production Company: BBC