Ibn Miskawayh

Miskawayh was a prominent figure in the intellectual and cultural life of his time.

Training under Yahya ibn Adi is recorded. The recorded working language is Arabic and Persian. The field of work recorded is theology, poetry and philosophy. Al-Kindi is recorded as an influence. Works named in the authority record are Tajārib Al-Umam Wa-Taʻāqub Al-Himam.

• Religion — Islam • Era — Islamic Golden Age • Name — Ibn Miskawayh مُسکویه • Born — 932 • Birthplace — Parandak, (Ziyarid Iran) • Died — 1030 • Place of death — Ray, (Kakuyid Iran) • Region — Iran • Main Interests — History, Theology, medicine, ethics and philosophy • Notable Works — Kitab al hayawan (The book of animal life) تهذيب الأخلاق (Ethical Instruction) Al-Fawz al-Asghar Tajarib al-umam (Experiences of Nations) • Influences — Adurbad-e Mahrspandan, al-Kindi • Influenced — Nasir al-Din Tusi, Mulla Sadra

Miskawayh was born in Rey, then under Ziyarid control. Miskawayh may have been a Zoroastrian convert to Islam, but it seems more likely that it was one of his ancestors who converted. During his early career, he spent his life in Baghdad, where he served as the secretary of Muhallabi, the vizier of the Buyid emir Mu'izz al-Dawla. He was fluent enough in Middle Persian to have translated some pre-Islamic texts in that language into Arabic. After a long service to the Buyids of Iraq, Miskawayh moved to the court of Rukn al-Dawla, where he spent seven years working there with the Buyid vizier Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid. In 966, a group of ghazi marched towards the Library of Rey, but Miskawayh managed to save it. After the death of Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid in 970, Miskawayh continued to serve the latter's son, Abu'l-Fath. In 975, he, along with him, left for Baghdad. He later worked as a secretary and librarian for a sequence of viziers, including 'Adud al-Dawla. Some contemporary sources associated him with the Brethren of Purity, claiming that some of his writings were used in the compilation of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity. Miskawayh died in 1030 at Ray, then under Kakuyid control.

* • Illustration — Beginning of a 13th-century Judeo-Arabic version of al-Fawz al-Asghar Al-Fawz al-Akbar (الفوز الأكبر) - 'The Greatest Victory' contains a Neoplatonic description of the evolution of the soul. The work states that creation begins with God, with the intellect being the first existence to emanate from him. A series of emanations from the intellect results in a chain of being, starting with minerals and proceeding through vegetables, animals, and humans, which results in a cyclic spiritual evolution back to the source of man's creation: God. The Indian Islamic scholar Muhammad Hamidullah compared Miskawayh's views to Darwinian evolutionary thought. • Tajārib al-Umam (كتاب تجارب الأمم) - 'Experiences of Nations' is one of the first eyewitness chronicles of contemporary events by a Muslim historian. Miskawayh, as an official under the Buyid vizier al-Muhallabi, had access to the internal happenings of the court. The chronicle is a universal history from the beginning of Islam, but it cuts off near the end of the reign of 'Adud al-Dawla. • Tahdhib al'Akhlaq wa Tathir al'Araq (تهذيب الأخلاق و تطهير الأعراق) - 'Refinement of Morals and Cleansing of Ethics' his major work in the field of philosophy treats principally the philosophy of ethics and was written for students. • Kitab al-Hikma al-Khalida (كتاب الحكمة الخالدة) - 'Book of Eternal Wisdom' is an Arabic translation from the Persian work Eternal Wisdom. One manuscript is titled Book of Literatures of the Arabs and Persians (كتاب آداب العرب والفرس).