Helge Ingstad

He also thought that the mysterious disappearance of the Greenland Norse Settlements in the 14th and 15th centuries could be explained by their emigration to North America. Ingstad died at Diakonhjemmet Hospital in Oslo at the age of 101.

Helge Ingstad studied at Bergen Cathedral School. The recorded working language is Norwegian. Employment is recorded with University of Oslo and Memorial University of Newfoundland. Positions recorded include Governor of Erik the Red's Land and Governor of Svalbard. Distinctions recorded are Arts Council Norway Honorary Award, Fridtjof Nansen Award for outstanding research, historical-philosophical class, Gunnerus Medal and Royal Order of Vasa.

Helge Ingstad was the son of Olav Ingstad (1867–1958) and Olga Marie Qvam (1869–1946) in Meråker Municipality in Nordre Trondheim county. His father was municipal engineer in Tromsø Municipality and held the title of factory supervisor. He was the grandson of lawyer professor, Marcus Pløen Ingstad. Helge and his family moved to Bergen in 1915 where he attended the Bergen Katedralskole (1915–1918), and after graduating cand. jur. in 1922 he took up a practice of lawyer in Levanger.

• Illustration — Quarterboard in memory of Helge Ingstad, the governor (Sysselmann) of Erik the Red's Land in 1932–33. Antarctic Havn, Northeast Greenland Helge Ingstad was originally a lawyer by profession, but, ever an outdoorsman, he sold his successful law practice in Levanger and went to Canada's Northwest Territories as a trapper in 1926. For the next three years, the Norwegian travelled with the local Indian tribe known as the Caribou Eaters. After returning to Norway, he wrote the bestselling Pelsjegerliv ("Trapper Life") about his time in Canada, published in English as The Land of Feast and Famine (Knopf, 1933). Ingstad was the governor (Sysselmann) of Erik the Red's Land in 1932–1933, when Norway annexed that eastern part of Greenland. The Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague decided that the lands belonged to Denmark, and so the official Norwegian presence had to end. Following the verdict, Ingstad was summoned by the government to the job as governor of Svalbard (Spitsbergen and the surrounding islands) — a position suiting him uniquely, considering his profession of law and his experience in Arctic living.

During his years on Svalbard, Helge Ingstad met Anne Stine Moe, nearly twenty years his junior. She had read his books from Canada and Greenland with great admiration, and developed a crush on the explorer. She wrote to him, and after some time of correspondence and dating, they were engaged, and married in 1941. In 1946, the Ingstads made themselves a home near the Holmenkollen area of Norway's capital, Oslo, where they spent the rest of their lives when not travelling the world. They had one daughter, Benedicte, who became a professor in medical anthropology at the University in Oslo. From her teenage years, Benedicte accompanied her parents on their exploration journeys.

Helge Ingstad was a popular author, whose books on his visits to remote parts of the world gained him fame in Norway. From Greenland he wrote Øst for den store bre ("East of the Great Glacier"), from Svalbard he wrote Landet med de kalde kyster ("The Land With the Chilly Coasts"). He also visited the Apache Indians of northwestern Mexico, from which he wrote Apache-indianerne - jakten på den tapte stamme ("The Apaches - The Hunt for the Lost Tribe"). After World War II he stayed for a period in the Brooks Range in northern Alaska among the Nunamiut Iñupiat, and afterwards wrote Nunamiut - blant Alaskas innlandseskimoer ("Nunamiut - Inland Eskimos of Alaska"). His 1931 book, The Land of Feast or Famine, was republished by McGill University Press, in 1992, after being out of print for over forty years.

• Illustration — Bust of Helge Ingstad and Anne Stine Ingstad outside the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo • Illustration — Remains of Viking building at L'Anse aux Meadows In 1960, he discovered the remains of what later proved to be a Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip of Newfoundland in Canada. It is the only known site of a Norse or Viking village in Canada, and in North America outside of Greenland. Dating to around the year 1000, L'Anse aux Meadows remains the only widely accepted instance of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact and is notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland established by Leif Ericson around the same time period or, more broadly, with Norse exploration of the Americas. Helge Ingstad stated that in 1960, when he first saw L'Anse aux Meadows, • I felt as if I had hooked a large salmon,” Ingstad wrote in “Westward to Vinland,” the 1969 account of his explorations. “It was not only that L’Anse aux Meadows was situated on the north coast, but I also remembered that when we sailed past it I had noticed the open, inviting verdant countryside. And I thought of ‘Meadows,’ which is the same as ‘grasslands’ or the old Norse vin, just what the Norsemen were looking for. Ingstad saw the remains of "very old sod huts, barely visible under the tall grasses and wild berry bushes" and decided to excavate there at this site for the next seven years under the leadership of his wife Anne Stine Ingstad. Archaeological excavation at the site was conducted in the 1960s by an international team led by archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad (Helge Ingstad's wife) and under the direction of Parks Canada of the Government of Canada in the 1970s. Following each period of excavation, the site was reburied to protect and conserve the cultural resources. On August 14, 1964, two members of the excavation crew "discovered a smooth soapstone object with a hole in it...[which] turned out to be a Norse spindle-whorl, used throughout medieval Scandinavia as the weight in a device that spun wool into yarn." Initially, the Ingstads were accused of having faked their finds until radiocarbon analysis "dated objects found there to between 980 and 1020, the time of Leif Ericson’s and later expeditions" which vindicated the Ingstad's discovery of a Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows. • Illustration — The different sailing routes to Greenland, Vinland (Newfoundland), Helluland (Baffin Island) and Markland (Labrador) travelled by different characters in the Icelandic Sagas, mainly Saga of Erik the Red and Saga of the Greenlanders. The names are the common modern English versions of the old Norse names The settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows has been dated to approximately 1,000 years ago, an assessment that tallies with the relative dating of artifact and structure types. The remains of eight buildings were located. They are believed to have been constructed of sod placed over a wooden frame. Based on associated artifacts, the buildings were variously identified as dwellings or workshops. The largest dwelling measured 28.8 by and consisted of several rooms. Workshops were identified as an iron smithy containing a forge and iron slag, a carpentry workshop, which generated wood debris, and a specialized boat repair area containing worn rivets. Besides those related to iron working, carpentry, and boat repair, other artifacts found at the site consisted of common everyday Norse items, including a stone oil lamp, a whetstone, a bronze fastening pin, a bone knitting needle, and part of a spindle. The presence of the spindle and needle suggests that women were present as well as men. Food remains included butternuts, which are significant because they do not grow naturally north of New Brunswick, and their presence probably indicates the Norse inhabitants travelled farther south to obtain them. Archaeologists concluded that the site was inhabited by the Norse for a relatively short period of time.

Helge Ingstad has two geographic features in North America named after him. In Canada, a small river, Ingstad Creek, flows into Great Slave Lake. In Alaska, the 1461 m high Ingstad Mountain in the Brooks Range was officially approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names on 19 April 2006. The name was suggested by the Nunamiut tribe in gratitude for Ingstad's efforts on their behalf. During the last few years of his life, he worked on categorizing and annotating the large quantity of photos and audio recordings (141 songs) he had made while living with the Nunamiut in 1950. The effort resulted in a booklet, Songs of the Nunamiut, with an accompanying CD containing the audio material. This is an extremely valuable contribution to the preservation of the Nunamiut culture, because it turned out that much of what he had gathered in the mid-20th century was now lost locally and was only preserved in his recordings.

• Ingstad, Helge. "Vinland Ruins Prove Vikings Found the New World." National Geographic, November 1964. Microsoft Encarta 2009. © 1993–2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

• Obituary from the New York Times as it appeared in the Halifax Sunday Herald, April 1, 2001 (note that the name of Ingstad's wife, Anne Stine, is misspelled, twice, differently, in this otherwise well-written obituary) • Concise obituary from Memorial University of Newfoundland Gazette, April 12, 2001 • The Norse discovery of America – PubMed abstract of article about the L'Anse Aux Meadows finds • Family genealogy