Ferdinand II of Portugal

• Name — Ferdinand II • Succession — King of Portugal • More Text — (jure uxoris) • Reign — 16 September 1837 – 15 November 1853 • Predecessor — Maria II • Successor — Pedro V • Regent — Maria II • Reg Type — Co-monarch • Succession1 — Prince consort of Portugal • Reign Type1 — Tenure • Reign1 — 9 April 1836 – 16 September 1837 • Succession2 — Regent of Portugal • Reign2 — 15 November 1853 – 16 September 1855 • Reign Type2 — Regency • Regent2 — Pedro V • Reg Type2 — Monarch • Issue — Pedro V Luís I Infante João, Duke of Beja Maria Ana, Princess Georg of Saxony Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern Infante Fernando Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra • Issue Link — #Marriages and descendants • House — Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry • Father — Ferdinand, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry • Mother — Princess Mária Antónia Koháry de Csábrág et Szitnya • Birth Name — Prinz Ferdinand von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld • Born — 29 October 1816 • Birthplace — Palais Coburg, Vienna, Austrian Empire • Died — 15 December 1885 • Place of death — Necessidades Palace, Lisbon, Portugal • Burial Date — 21 December 1885 • Burial Place — Pantheon of the House of Braganza, Lisbon, Portugal

Born Ferdinand August Franz Anton in Vienna on 29 October 1816, he was the eldest son of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Princess Mária Antónia Koháry de Csábrág et Szitnya, heiress to the House of Koháry. The younger Ferdinand grew up in several places: the family estates in modern-day Slovakia, the imperial court of Austria, and Germany. He was a nephew of King Leopold I of Belgium, and thus a first cousin to Leopold II of Belgium and Empress Carlota of Mexico, as well as Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In 1826, his title changed from Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld to Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, following the re-arrangement of the Saxon duchies.

• Illustration — Ferdinand II around age 24, standing next to a bust of King Pedro IV, c. 1840. According to Portuguese law, the husband of a queen regnant could only be titled king after the birth of an heir from that marriage; this was the reason Maria II's first husband, Auguste de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg, never acquired the title of king. After the birth of their eldest son and heir, the future Pedro V of Portugal, Ferdinand was proclaimed King Dom Fernando II. Although it was Maria who reigned by right, the royal couple formed an effective team during their joint reign, with Ferdinand reigning by himself during his wife's pregnancies. Eventually, Maria II died as a result of the birth of their eleventh child, and Ferdinand II's reign ended. However, he would assume the regency of Portugal from 1853 to 1855, during the minority of his son King Pedro V.

• Illustration — Portrait by Joseph Layraud, c. 1877. Displayed at Pena National Palace. Ferdinand was an intelligent and artistically minded man with modern and liberal ideas. He was adept at etching, pottery and painting aquarelles. He was the president of the Royal Academy of Sciences and the Arts, Lord Protector of the University of Coimbra and Grand-Master of the Rosicrucians. • Illustration — An elderly Ferdinand In 1838, he acquired the former Hieronymite monastery of Our Lady of Pena, which had been built by King Manuel I in 1511 on the top of the hill above Sintra and had been left unoccupied since 1834, when the religious orders were suppressed in Portugal. The monastery consisted of the cloister and its outbuildings, the chapel, the sacristy and the bell tower, which today form the northern section of the Pena National Palace (the "Old Palace"). • Illustration — Bathed in soft light at Sintra’s Palácio da Pena, this marble bust of King Ferdinand II embodies the Romantic spirit of his reign and his devotion to art, architecture, and beauty—his legacy etched in Portugal’s nineteenth-century grandeur. Ferdinand began by making repairs to the former monastery, which, according to the historical sources of that time, was in poor condition. He refurbished the whole of the upper floor, replacing the fourteen cells used by the monks with larger-sized rooms and covering them with the vaulted ceilings that can still be seen today. In 1843, the king decided to enlarge the palace by building a new wing (the New Palace) with even larger rooms (one of them being the Great Hall), ending in a circular tower next to the new kitchens. The building work was directed by the Baron von Eschwege, a wild architectural fantasy in an eclectic style full of symbolism that could be compared with the castle Neuschwanstein of King Ludwig II of Bavaria. The palace was built in such a way as to be visible from any point in the park, which consists of a forest and luxuriant gardens with over five hundred different species of trees originating from the four corners of the earth. Ferdinand would spend his last years in this castle with his second wife, receiving the greatest artists of his time.

When he was 60, Ferdinand suffered from facial cancer that severely disfigured him and kept him away from public life. On 12 December 1885, due to double vision caused by the tumor, he tripped when going down the stairs to the foyer of the São Carlos Theater, violently hitting his head against a wall and fell into a coma, dying three days after. In his will, he left almost all his assets to his second wife, which caused a public commotion. He rests next to Maria II, his first wife, in the Pantheon of the House of Braganza, in São Vicente de Fora, Lisbon.

On 9 April 1836, Ferdinand married Queen Maria II of Portugal. Eleven children were born to the royal couple before Maria died of complications due to childbirth in 1853. Ferdinand was destined to outlive eight of his eleven children. In late 1861, an attack of cholera or typhoid fever struck the royal family and Ferdinand suffered the tragedy of witnessing the death of three of his five surviving sons. Later in his life, Ferdinand married again in Lisbon on 10 June 1869 to actress Elisa Hensler (Neuchâtel, 22 May 1836 – Lisbon, Coração de Jesus, 21 May 1929). Just before the marriage, she was styled Gräfin (Countess) von Edla by Ferdinand's cousin Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The couple had no children. • Name — Birth — Death — Notes • By Maria II of Portugal (4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853; married on 9 April 1836) • Pedro V — 16 September 1837 — 11 November 1861 — Succeeded his mother as King of Portugal. • Luís I — 31 October 1838 — 19 October 1889 — Succeeded his brother as King of Portugal. • Infanta Maria — 4 October 1840 — 4 October 1840 — Stillborn. • Infante João — 16 March 1842 — 27 December 1861 — Duke of Beja. Died of cholera in 1861. • Infanta Maria Ana — 21 August 1843 — 5 February 1884 — Married King George of Saxony and was the mother of King Frederick August III of Saxony, and the maternal grandmother of Charles I, the last Emperor of Austria. • Infanta Antónia — 17 February 1845 — 27 December 1913 — Married Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern and was the mother of King Ferdinand I of Romania. • Infante Fernando — 23 July 1846 — 6 November 1861 — Died of cholera in 1861. • Infante Augusto — 4 November 1847 — 26 September 1889 — Duke of Coimbra. • Infante Leopoldo — 7 May 1849 — 7 May 1849 — Stillborn. • Infanta Maria — 3 February 1851 — 3 February 1851 — Stillborn. • Infante Eugénio — 15 November 1853 — 15 November 1853 — Stillborn.

• Name — King Fernando II of Portugal • Dipstyle — His Majesty • Offstyle — Your Majesty • Portuguese orders and decorations • Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders, 9 December 1835 – wedding gift of his bride, Queen Maria II • Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword • Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa • Gold Medal of Distinguished Service • Foreign orders and decorations

Ferdinand II of Portugal was recorded at birth as Prinz Ferdinand zu Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld. He also worked under the name O Rei-Artista. The authorities additionally record the headings Fernando II, King of Portugal, Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Prince Ferdinand August Franz Anton of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Prince Ferdinand August Franz Anton of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. His recorded languages were German, Hungarian and French. His recorded confession was Catholic Church. He was the child of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Maria Antonia Koháry, 2nd Princess of Koháry. He married Maria II of Portugal and Elise Hensler. 4 children are recorded: Pedro V of Portugal, Luís I of Portugal, Infante João, Duke of Beja and Infanta Maria Ana of Portugal.