Eton Choirbook
Illustration — O Maria salvatoris, from the Eton Choirbook The Eton Choirbook (Eton College MS. 178) is a richly illuminated manuscript collection of English sacred music composed during the late 15th century. It was one of very few collections of Latin liturgical music to survive the English Reformation, and hence is an important source for the English votive style. It originally contained music by 24 different composers; however, many of the pieces are damaged or incomplete.
Also recorded as Eton MS 178 · Eton Choir Book · GB-WRec MS 178
Eton Choirbook
Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
- Date
- 1600
- Material
- parchment
- Held by
- Eton College Library
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Illustration — O Maria salvatoris, from the Eton Choirbook The Eton Choirbook (Eton College MS. 178) is a richly illuminated manuscript collection of English sacred music composed during the late 15th century. It was one of very few collections of Latin liturgical music to survive the English Reformation, and hence is an important source for the English votive style. It originally contained music by 24 different composers; however, many of the pieces are damaged or incomplete.
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Contents
Contents
It is one of three large choirbooks surviving from early-Tudor England (the others are the Lambeth Choirbook and the Caius Choirbook). The Choirbook was compiled between approximately 1500 and 1505 for use at Eton College; its present binding dates from the mid 16th century. 126 folios remain of the original 224, including the index. In the original, there were a total of 93 separate compositions; however only 64 remain either complete or in part. Some of the 24 composers are known only because of their inclusion in the Eton Choirbook. John Browne has the most compositions (15), followed by Walter Lambe (12) and Richard Davy (10). Stylistically, the music contained in the Eton Choirbook shows three phases in the development of the English votive style. The first phase is represented by the music of Richard Hygons, William Horwood and Gilbert Banester. Most of the music of this early phase is polyphonic but non-imitative, with contrast achieved by alternation of full five-voice texture with sections sung by fewer voices. The second phase, which includes music by John Browne, Richard Davy and Walter Lambe, uses imitation, cantus firmus techniques, and frequent cross-relations (a feature which was to become a distinctive sound in early Tudor polyphony). The final phase represented in the choirbook includes music by William Cornysh and Robert Fayrfax, composed around 1500. Points of imitation are frequent and cantus firmus techniques disappear. Melisma features prominently in practically all works in the choirbook.
• Illustration — Eton College. All of the compositions in the book are sacred vocal music in Latin. According to the index, it initially contained 93 works. However, part of its content was lost and only 64 works have survived, a few of them incomplete. They consist of: • 54 motets • 9 Magnificats • 1 Passion The following inventory represents the contents as enumerated by the index, with folio numbers for the works that survive. • f. 1v-4: O Maria salvatoris mater - John Browne (i) • f. 4v-8: Gaude flore virginali - Hugh Kellyk • f. 8v-9v: O Maria plena gratiae - Walter Lambe • f. 10-11: Gaude flore virginali - Richard Davy • f. 11v-14: Stabat mater dolorosa -?John Browne (ii) • f. 14v: O regina caelestis gloriae - Walter Lambe • f. 15-17: Stabat virgo mater Christi -?John Browne (i) • f. 17v-19: Stabat juxta Christi crucem -?John Browne (i) • f. 19v-22: O regina mundi clara -?John Browne (i) • f. 22v-25: Gaude virgo mater Christi - Sturton • f. 25v: O virgo prudentissima - Robert Wilkinson [incomplete] • missing: Gaude flore virginali - Robert Wilkinson • missing: Salve regina vas mundiciae - Fawkner • f. 26: Gaude flore virginali - William Cornysh (senior) [incomplete] • f. 26v-29: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Wilkinson • f. 29v-30: Salve regina mater misericordiae - William Brygeman • f. 30v-32: Salve regina mater misericordiae - William Horwood • f. 32v-34: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Richard Davy • f. 34v-36: Salve regina mater misericordiae -?William Cornysh (senior) • f. 36v-38: Salve regina mater misericordiae -?John Browne (ii) • f. 038v-40: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Walter Lambe • f. 40v-042: Salve regina mater misericordiae - John Sutton • f. 42v-44: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Hacomplaynt • f. 44v-46: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Nicholas Huchyn • f. 46v-48: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Wilkinson • f. 48v-50: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Fayrfax • f. 50v-52: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Richard Hygons • f. 52v-54: Salve regina mater misericordiae -?John Browne (i) • f. 54v-56: Salve regina mater misericordiae - John Hampton • f. 56v-59: O Domine caeli terraeque creator - Richard Davy • f. 59v-62: Salve Jesu mater vera - Richard Davy • f. 62v-65: Stabat mater dolorosa - Richard Davy • f. 65v-68: Virgo templum trinitatis - Richard Davy • f. 68v-71: In honore summae matris - Richard Davy • f. 71v-74: O Maria et Elisabeth - Gilbert Banester • f. 74v-76: Gaude flore virginali - William Horwood • f. 76v-77v: Gaude virgo mater Christi - William Horwood • missing: O regina caelestis gloriae - Walter Lambe • missing: Gaude flore virginali - Walter Lambe • missing: Virgo gaude gloriosa - Walter Lambe • missing: Stabat mater dolorosa - Robert Fayrfax • missing: Ave cuius conceptio - Robert Fayrfax • missing: Quid cantemus innocentes - Robert Fayrfax • missing: Gaude flore virginali - John Dunstaple • missing: Ave lux totius mundi -?John Browne (i) • missing: Gaude flore virginali -?John Browne (i) • missing: Stabat mater dolorosa -?William Cornysh (senior) • f. 78-80: Stabat mater dolorosa -?William Cornysh (senior) • f. 80v-82: Gaude virgo salutata - Fawkner • f. 82v-85: Gaude rosa sine spina - Fawkner • f. 85v-87: Gaude flore virginali - Edmund Turges • f. 87v-88: Nesciens mater virgo virum - Walter Lambe • f. 88v: Salve decus castitatis - Robert Wilkinson • f. 89: Ascendit Christus hodie - Nicholas Huchyn • f. 89v-91v: O mater venerabilis -?John Browne (i) • missing: Ad te purissima virgo -?William Cornysh (senior) • f. 92v-93v: Ave lumen gratiae - Robert Fayrfax • missing: O virgo virginum praeclara - Walter Lambe • f. 94-95: Gaude virgo mater Christi - Robert Wilkinson • f. 95v-97: Stabat virgo mater Christi -?John Browne (i) • f. 97v-99: Stella caeli extirpavit que lactavit - Walter Lambe • f. 99v-101: Ascendit Christus hodie - Walter Lambe • f. 101v-103: Gaude flore virginali - Walter Lambe • f. 103v-105: Gaude flore virginali - Edmund Turges • f. 105v-106: Ave Maria mater Dei -?William Cornysh (senior) • f. 106v-108: Gaude virgo mater Christi -?William Cornysh (senior) • f. 108v-110v: Gaude virgo salutata - Holynborne • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i) • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Richard Davy • f. 111: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Nesbet • f. 111v-113: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Horwood • f. 113v-116: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Hugh Kellyk • f. 116v-118: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Walter Lambe • f. 118v: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i) • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Fayrfax • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Brygeman • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Wilkinson • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Mychelson • f. 119-119v: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Wilkinson • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Cornysh (Junior) • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i) • f. 120-120v: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Sygar • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i) • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Edmund Turges • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Edmund Turges • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Baldwin • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Sygar • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Baldwin • missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Edmund Turges • f. 121: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Richard Davy • f. 121v-123: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Stratford • f. 124-126: Passio Domini - Richard Davy • f. 126v: Jesus autem transiens - Robert Wilkinson The composers represented in the manuscript are: John Browne (15 works), Walter Lambe (12), Richard Davy (10), Robert Wilkinson (7), William Cornysh (5), William Horwood (4), Robert Fayrfax (6), John Fawkyner (2), Nicholas Huchyn (2), Hugh Kellyk (2), Edmund Turges (2), Gilbert Banester, William Brygeman (1), Robert Hacomplaynt (1), John Hampton (1), Holynborne (1), Richard Hygons (1), Nesbet (1), Edmund Sturton (1), John Sutton (1), John Sygar (1) and William Stratford (1). Other composers as Baldwyn, John Dunstable and Mychelson also appear in the index, but their works were lost.
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Recordings
Harry Christophers, The Sixteen: Eton Choirbook Volumes I-V • The Rose and The Ostrich Feather, CORO: CD COR16026. • The Crown of Thorns, CORO: CD COR16012. • The Pillars Of Eternity, CORO: CD COR16022. • The Flower of All Virginity, CORO: CD COR16018. • Voices of Angels, CORO: CD COR16002. Stephen Darlington, Choir of Christ Church Cathedral Oxford: Music from The Eton Choir Book, volumes 1–5 • More Divine Than Human, Avie: AV2167. • Choirs of Angels, Avie: AV2184. • Courts of Heaven, Avie: AV2314 • The Sun Most Radiant, Avie: AV2359 • The Gate of Glory, Avie: AV2376 Other groups: • Music from the Eton Choirbook, Tonus Peregrinus, Antony Pitts, Dir. Naxos 8.572840 • Richard Davy: Passion According To St. Matthew. (Eton Choirbook, Record 1). Purcell Consort of Voices, Choristers of All Saints, Margaret Street, Dir. Grayston Burgess. Vinyl LP, Argo ZRG 558. • Eton Choirbook, Record 2. Purcell Consort of Voices, Choristers of All Saints, Margaret Street, Dir. Grayston Burgess. Vinyl LP, Argo ZRG 557. • The Eton Choirbook Huelgas Ensemble, Dir. Paul Van Nevel. 2012 DHM: CD 88765408852. • William Cornysh: Stabat Mater. The Tallis Scholars, Dir. Peter Phillips. Gimell CDGIM 014. • John Browne: Music from the Eton Choirbook. The Tallis Scholars, Dir. Peter Phillips. Gimell CDGIM 036.
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Notes from the source article
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Bibliography printed in the source article · 26
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- Bowers, Roger. 'Composers of the Eton Choirbook', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2006)
- Cheung, Vincent C.K., Tudor Dedications to the Blessed Virgin: History, Style, and Analysis of Music from the Eton Choirbook. http://www.mit.edu/people/ckcheung/www/MusicalWritings_files/Essay14_EtonCB_RevText_webversion.pdf
- Curtis, Gareth; Wathey, Andrew: 'Fifteenth-Century English Liturgical Music: A List of the Surviving Repertory' RMA Research Chronicle 27 (1994), 1–69
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- Harrison, Frank Llewellyn: 'The Eton Choirbook: Its Background and Contents (Eton College Library ms. 178)' Annales Musicologiques I (1953), 151–75
- Harrison, Frank Llewellyn: 'The Eton College Choirbook (Eton College MS 178)', in International Musicological Society: Report of the 4th Congress, Utrecht 1952 (1952), 224–32
- Heminger, A. Music Theory at Work: The Eton Choirbook, Rhythmic Proportions and Musical Networks in Sixteenth-Century England. Early Music History, 37, (2018) 141–182.
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- Kirsch, Winfried: Die Quellen der mehrstimmigen Magnificat- und Te Deum Vertonungen bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts (Tutzing, 1966), 135
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- Phillips, Peter: 'Eton encounters; reflections on the Choirbook'. Musical Times 1939 (2017), 3-60.
- Sandon, Nicholas: 'Fragments of Medieval Polyphony at Canterbury Cathedral' Musica Disciplina XXX (1976), 37–53, 51–3
- Squire, W. Barclay: 'On an early Sixteenth Century MS. of English Music in the Library of Eton College' Archaeologia LVI (1898), 89–102
- Warren, Edwin B.: Life and Works of Robert Fayrfax, MSD Vol. 22 (American Institute of Musicology, 1969), 42
- Westrup, J. A.; et al., (eds.): New Oxford History of Music (London, New York, and Toronto, 1954-), III, Plate III
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- Williamson, Magnus: The Eton Choirbook, Facsimile with introductory study (Oxford: DIAMM Publications, 2010)
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