Charles Taylor

Charles Taylor studied at McGill University, Balliol College and Selwyn House School. The recorded working language is English and French. The field of work recorded is philosophy. Places of work recorded in the authority are Montreal. Employment is recorded with Northwestern University, McGill University and Université de Montréal. Works named in the authority record are Interpretation and the Sciences of Man. Distinctions recorded are Molson Prize, Companion of the Order of Canada, Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec and Hegel Prize.

• Name — Charles Taylor • Birth Name — Charles Margrave Taylor • Born — 5 November 1931 • Birthplace — Montreal, Quebec, Canada • Relatives — * Gretta Chambers (sister) • Egan Chambers (brother-in-law) • Awards — * Templeton Prize (2007) • Kyoto Prize (2008) • Kluge Prize (2015) • Berggruen Prize (2016) • Education — * McGill University (BA) • Balliol College, Oxford (BA, DPhil) • Thesis Title — Explanation in Social Science • Thesis Url — https: www.proquest.com/docview/2189020382 • Thesis Year — 1961 • Doctoral Advisor — Isaiah Berlin • Region — Western philosophy Canadian philosophy • Era — Contemporary philosophy • School Tradition — * Analytic philosophy (early) • continental philosophy (hermeneutics) (late) • communitarianism • Hegelianism • Institutions — * All Souls College, Oxford • McGill University • Northwestern University • Doctoral Students — * Ruth Abbey • Frederick C. Beiser • Michael E. Rosen • Michael J. Sandel • Notable Students — * Richard Kearney • Guy Laforest • Daniel Weinstock • Main Interests — * Social philosophy • political philosophy • cosmopolitanism • secularity • religion • modernity • Notable Works — * Sources of the Self (1989) • The Malaise of Modernity (1991) • "The Politics of Recognition" (1992) • A Secular Age (2007) • Notable Ideas — * Communitarian critique of liberalism • critique of naturalism and formalist epistemology • engaged hermeneutics

Charles Margrave Taylor was born in Montreal, Quebec, on November 5, 1931, to a Roman Catholic Francophone mother and a Protestant Anglophone father by whom he was raised bilingually. His father, Walter Margrave Taylor, was a steel magnate originally from Toronto while his mother, Simone Marguerite Beaubien, was a dressmaker. His sister was Gretta Chambers. Taylor attended Selwyn House School from 1939 to 1946, followed by Trinity College School from 1946 to 1949, and began his undergraduate education at McGill University where he received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in history in 1952. He continued his studies at the University of Oxford, first as a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, receiving a BA degree with first-class honours in philosophy, politics and economics in 1955, and then as a postgraduate student, receiving a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1961 under the supervision of Sir Isaiah Berlin. As an undergraduate student, Taylor started one of the first campaigns to ban thermonuclear weapons in the United Kingdom in 1956, serving as the first president of the Oxford Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Recent research has explored Taylor's engagement with socialist politics during this time.

Taylor succeeded John Plamenatz as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford and became a fellow of All Souls College. For many years, both before and after Oxford, he was Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at McGill University in Montreal, where he is now professor emeritus. Taylor was also a Board of Trustees Professor of Law and Philosophy at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, for several years after his retirement from McGill. In 1986, Taylor was elected a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1991, Taylor was appointed to the Conseil de la langue française in the province of Quebec, at which point he critiqued Quebec's commercial sign laws. In 1995, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 2000, he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 2007, Taylor and Gérard Bouchard were appointed to head a one-year commission of inquiry into what would constitute reasonable accommodation for minority cultures in his home province of Quebec.

Despite his extensive and diverse philosophical oeuvre, Taylor famously calls himself a "monomaniac," concerned with only one fundamental aspiration: to develop a convincing philosophical anthropology. Taylor's philosophical background, especially his writings on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, is important to his views. Taylor rejects naturalism and formalist epistemology. He is part of an influential intellectual tradition of Canadian idealism that includes John Watson, George Paxton Young, C. B. Macpherson, and George Grant. In his essay "To Follow a Rule," Taylor explores why people can fail to follow rules, and what kind of knowledge it is that allows a person to successfully follow a rule, such as the arrow on a sign. The intellectualist tradition presupposes that to follow directions, we must know a set of propositions and premises about how to follow directions. Taylor argues that Wittgenstein's solution is that all interpretation of rules draws upon a tacit background. This background is not more rules or premises, but what Wittgenstein calls "forms of life." More specifically, Wittgenstein says in the Philosophical Investigations that "Obeying a rule is a practice." Taylor situates the interpretation of rules within the practices that are incorporated into our bodies in the form of habits, dispositions and tendencies. Following Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Michael Polanyi, and Wittgenstein, Taylor argues that it is mistaken to presuppose that our understanding of the world is primarily mediated by representations. It is only against an unarticulated background that representations can make sense to us. On occasion we do follow rules by explicitly representing them to ourselves, but Taylor reminds us that rules do not contain the principles of their own application: application requires that we draw on an unarticulated understanding or "sense of things" — the background.

Taylor defines naturalism as a family of various, often quite diverse theories that all hold "the ambition to model the study of man on the natural sciences." Philosophically, naturalism was largely popularized and defended by the unity of science movement that was advanced by logical positivist philosophy. In many ways, Taylor's early philosophy springs from a critical reaction against the logical positivism and naturalism that was ascendant in Oxford while he was a student. • Illustration — Taylor in 2012 Initially, much of Taylor's philosophical work consisted of careful conceptual critiques of various naturalist research programs. This began with his 1964 dissertation The Explanation of Behaviour, which was a detailed and systematic criticism of the behaviourist psychology of B. F. Skinner that was highly influential at mid-century. From there, Taylor also spread his critique to other disciplines. The essay "Interpretation and the Sciences of Man" was published in 1972 as a critique of the political science of the behavioural revolution advanced by giants of the field like David Easton, Robert Dahl, Gabriel Almond, and Sydney Verba. In an essay entitled "The Significance of Significance: The Case for Cognitive Psychology", Taylor criticized the naturalism he saw distorting the major research program that had replaced B. F. Skinner's behaviourism. But Taylor also detected naturalism in fields where it was not immediately apparent. For example, in 1978's "Language and Human Nature" he found naturalist distortions in various modern "designative" theories of language, while in Sources of the Self (1989) he found both naturalist error and the deep moral, motivational sources for this outlook in various individualist and utilitarian conceptions of selfhood.

Concurrent to Taylor's critique of naturalism was his development of an alternative. Indeed, Taylor's mature philosophy begins when as a doctoral student at Oxford he turned away, disappointed, from analytic philosophy in search of other philosophical resources which he found in French and German modern hermeneutics and phenomenology. The hermeneutic tradition develops a view of human understanding and cognition as centred on the decipherment of meanings (as opposed to, say, foundational theories of brute verification or an apodictic rationalism). Taylor's own philosophical outlook can broadly and fairly be characterized as hermeneutic and has been called engaged hermeneutics. This is clear in his championing of the works of major figures within the hermeneutic tradition such as Wilhelm Dilthey, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Gadamer. It is also evident in his own original contributions to hermeneutic and interpretive theory.

Taylor (as well as Alasdair MacIntyre, Michael Walzer, and Michael Sandel) is associated with a communitarian critique of liberal theory's understanding of the "self". Communitarians emphasize the importance of social institutions in the development of individual meaning and identity. In his 1991 Massey Lecture The Malaise of Modernity, Taylor argued that political theorists—from John Locke and Thomas Hobbes to John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin—have neglected the way in which individuals arise within the context supplied by societies. A more realistic understanding of the "self" recognizes the social background against which life choices gain importance and meaning.

Taylor was a candidate for the social democratic New Democratic Party (NDP) in Mount Royal on three occasions in the 1960s, beginning with the 1962 federal election when he came in third behind Liberal Alan MacNaughton. He improved his standing in 1963, coming in second. Most famously, he also lost in the 1965 election to newcomer and future prime minister, Pierre Trudeau. This campaign garnered national attention. Taylor's fourth and final attempt to enter the House of Commons of Canada was in the 1968 federal election, when he came in second as an NDP candidate in the riding of Dollard. In 1994 he coedited a paper on human rights with Vitit Muntarbhorn in Thailand. Taylor served as a vice president of the federal NDP (beginning c. 1965) and was president of its Quebec section. In 2010, Taylor stated that multiculturalism was a work in progress that faced challenges. He identified tackling Islamophobia in Canada as the next challenge. In his 2020 book Reconstructing Democracy he, together with Patrizia Nanz and Madeleine Beaubien Taylor, uses local examples to describe how democracies in transformation might be revitalized by involving citizenship. In 2026, Taylor endorsed Avi Lewis in that year's federal NDP leadership race.

• Himani Bannerji: "Charles Taylor's Politics of Recognition: A Critique" (2000) • Richard Rorty • Bernard Williams • Alasdair MacIntyre: critique of liberalism • Will Kymlicka • Martha Nussbaum • Kwame Appiah • Hubert Dreyfus: co-author • Quentin Skinner • Talal Asad • Marcel Gauchet • Arjun Appadurai: on the imaginary • Paul Berman • William E. Connolly • Robert Bellah: on Taylor's A Secular Age • John Milbank • Stuart Hall • Catherine Pickstock • James Tully: on Taylor on "Deep Diversity" • Jürgen Habermas: shared Kluge prize

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Charles Taylor worked in philosophy. He was employed by Northwestern University, McGill University and Université de Montréal. He belonged to American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Royal Society of Canada and National Academy of Sciences. He worked at Montreal.