C. Donald Shane Telescope

The Shane's mirror started as a 10,000-pound Corning Labs glass test blank for the Palomar Observatory's 200-inch (5-m) Hale Telescope (in north San Diego County, California), but was sold below cost ($50,000) by Caltech to the Lick Observatory. It was then transported to Mount Hamilton, where the blank was ground and polished by the observatory. The telescope is noted for having three foci, prime focus, Cassegrain focus, and coudé focus. After several decades of celebrated use, it was also fitted with an early adaptive optics system.

• First Light — 1959

The telescope can be used with three different focal stations: wide field prime focus, coudé focus for high precision spectroscopy, or the intermediate cassegrain focus. In the Shane dome there is a laser, whose light is sometimes visible with the naked eye, that the observatory beams from the Shane telescope into the night sky. The laser is part of the Lick Adaptive Optics (LAO) program, a joint project of the Lick Observatory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. LAO corrects for atmospheric turbulence either by using a natural guide star or by creating a sodium laser guide star, and using the observed motion of the guide star to direct distortion of a deformable mirror hundreds of times each second. The system produces images that are nearly equivalent to those obtained from space-based telescopes. Adaptive optics using natural guide stars has been in development since 1996, and using laser guide stars since 2001. Similar laser adaptive optics systems based on LAO have been installed on the University of California's two Keck telescopes in Hawaii. Operation of the Kast instrument began in 1992, and it was upgraded in the 2010s. The Kast Double Spectrograph can detect spectrum from near-infrared to near-ultraviolet, and includes two sub-instruments. Instrumentation currently in operation at the Shane telescope includes: • The Kast Double Spectrograph, used for visible wavelength observations of stars, supernovae, galaxies, and active galactic nuclei • The Hamilton Spectrograph, an echelle spectrograph used for stellar spectroscopy and detection of exoplanets • The Shane Adaptive optics infra-Red Camera Spectrograph (ShARCS), an infrared camera used with the Shane adaptive optics system

• Illustration — The dome housing the Shane telescope • Illustration — Shane dome among the mountain top facilitates • Illustration — Detail of lower truss After WW2 ended, plans for a large reflecting telescope for the Lick observatory were realized by funding from the State of California in 1946. A 120 inch glass blank leftover from the Hale telescope was acquired, and ground to its figure at optical shops on the mountain. For Lick Observatory's first 55 years of operation, its astronomers relied on two telescopes built in the 19th century. Once considered giants in the field, they had become obsolete. International competition was mounting. The 120-inch reflector addition took 15 years to complete, being completed in 1959. It would be the second-largest telescope in the world, taking its place behind the then World's largest 200-inch Palomar Hale Telescope. An adaptive optics system for the Shane was developed, utilizing an artificial star made by laser and a deformable mirror with actuators. This AO system was mounted at the f/17 cassegrain focus of the Shane telescope. The system could send light to a visible-light CCD or an infrared sensor (NICMOS III camera). The Shane telescope was tested in 1995 with a sodium laser to make an artificial light for the AO system; the laser utilizes a layer in the atmosphere that reacts with the light. In 2009, the Lick Observatory celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the Shane telescope. The celebration included a ticketed event with a dinner and a lecture on exoplanets by an astronomer. In 2014, the observatory received a grant to upgrade the Kast instrument of the Shane telescope. In 2015, the company Google donated 1 million USD to the observatory over two years.

The Shane telescope saw first light to a different world for large telescopes in 1959: • # — Name / Observatory — Image — Aperture — Altitude — First Light — Special advocate • 1 — Hale Telescope Palomar Obs. — — 200 inch 508 cm — 1713 m (5620 ft) — 1948 — George Ellery Hale John D. Rockefeller • 2 — Shane Telescope Lick Observatory — — 120 inch 305 cm — 1283 m (4209 ft) — 1959 — Nicholas Mayall C. Donald Shane • 3 — Hooker Telescope Mount Wilson Obs. — — 100 inch 254 cm — 1742 m (5715 ft) — 1917 — George Ellery Hale Andrew Carnegie • 4 — Otto Struve Telescope McDonald Obs. — — 82 inch 210 cm — 2,070 m 6791 ft — 1939 — Otto Struve