Bold Orion

• Name — Bold Orion • Origin — United States • Type — Air-launched ballistic missile • Is Missile — yes • Service — 1958–1959 • Used By — United States Air Force • Design Date — 1958 • Manufacturer — Martin Aircraft • Number — 12 • Spec Label — Two-stage version • Length — 37 ft • Diameter — 31 in • Engine — First stage, Thiokol TX-20 Sergeant; 6.66 kN • Engine Power — Second stage, ABL X-248 Altair; 12.45 kN • Vehicle Range — 1100 mi • Propellant — Solid fuel • Launch Platform — B-47 Stratojet

The Bold Orion missile was developed as part of Weapons System 199, initiated by the United States Air Force (USAF) in response to the U.S. Navy's Polaris program, with funding authorised by the United States Congress in 1957. The purpose of WS-199 was the development of technology that would be used in new strategic weapons for the USAF's Strategic Air Command, not to deliver operational weapons; a primary emphasis was on proving the feasibility of an air-launched ballistic missile. The designation WS-199B was assigned to the project that, under a contract awarded in 1958 to Martin Aircraft, would become the Bold Orion missile. The design of Bold Orion was simple, using parts developed for other missile systems to reduce the cost and development time of the project. The initial Bold Orion configuration was a single-stage vehicle, using a Thiokol TX-20 Sergeant solid-fuel rocket. Following initial testing, the Bold Orion configuration was altered to become a two-stage vehicle, an Allegany Ballistics Laboratory Altair upper stage being added to the missile.

Having been given top priority by the Air Force, the first flight test of the Bold Orion missile was conducted on May 26, 1958, from a Boeing B-47 Stratojet carrier aircraft, which launched the Bold Orion vehicle at the apex of a high-speed, high-angle climb. The zoom climb tactic, combined with the thrust from the rocket motor of the missile itself, allowed the missile to achieve its maximum range, or, alternatively, to reach space. A twelve-flight test series of the Bold Orion vehicle was conducted;. Despite suffering only one outright failure, the initial flight tests of the single-stage rocket proved less successful than hoped. Authorisation was received to modify the Bold Orion to become a two-stage vehicle. In addition to the modifications improving the missile's reliability, they increased the range of Bold Orion to over 1000 mi. Four of the final six test firings were of the two-stage vehicle. These were considered successful, and established that the ALBM was a viable weapon.

The final test launch of Bold Orion, conducted on October 13, 1959, was a test of the vehicle's capabilities in the anti-satellite role. Piloted by Carl E Brust Jr, the missile was launched from an altitude of 35000 ft from its B-47 mothership, the missile successfully intercepted the Explorer 6 satellite, passing its target at a range of less than 4 mi at an altitude of 156 mi. If the missile had a nuclear warhead, the satellite would have been destroyed. The Bold Orion ASAT test was the first interception of a satellite by any method, proving that anti-satellite missiles were feasible. This test, along with an earlier, unsuccessful test of the High Virgo missile in the anti-satellite role, had political repercussions. The Eisenhower administration sought to establish space as a neutral ground for everyone's use, and the "indication of hostile intent" given by the tests was frowned upon, with anti-satellite weapons development being soon curtailed.

• Illustration — Bold Orion on B-47 carrier aircraft • Date/Time (GMT) — Rocket — Launch site — Outcome — Remarks • | 1958-05-26 — Single-stage — Cape Canaveral — Apogee 8 km • | 1958-06-27 — Single-stage — Cape Canaveral — Apogee 12 km • | 1958-07-18 — Single-stage — Cape Canaveral — Apogee 100 km • | 1958-09-25 — Single-stage — Cape Canaveral — Apogee 100 km • | 1958-10-10 — Single-stage — Cape Canaveral — Apogee 100 km • | 1958-11-17 — Single-stage — Cape Canaveral — Apogee 100 km • | 1958-12-08 — Two-stage — Cape Canaveral — Apogee 200 km • | 1958-12-16 — Two-stage — Cape Canaveral — Apogee 200 km • | 1959-04-04 — Two-stage — AMR DZ — Apogee 200 km • | 1959-06-08 — Single-stage — AMR DZ — Apogee 100 km • | 1959-06-19 — Single-stage — Cape Canaveral — Apogee 100 km • | 1959-10-13 — Two-stage — AMR DZ — Apogee 200 km AMR DZ means Atlantic Missile Range Drop Zone.

Bold Orion is classified as an air-launched ballistic missile. Associated with United States. Recorded from 1958.