8.8 cm Flak 16

• Name — 8.8 cm Flak 16 • Origin — German Empire • Type — Anti-aircraft gun • Is Ranged — yes • Is Artillery — yes • Service — 1917–1918 • Used By — German Empire • Wars — World War I • Designer — Krupp • Design Date — 1916 • Manufacturer — Krupp • Number — 169 • Variants — Flak 17, 18 • Weight — Transport: 7300 kg Combat: 3100 kg • Part Length — 3.9 m L/45 • Cartridge — Fixed QF • Cartridge Weight — 9.4 kg • Caliber — 88 mm (3.46 in) • Rate — 10 rpm • Velocity — 785 m/s (2,575 ft/s) • Max Range — Horizontal: 10.8 km Vertical: 6850 m • Breech — Horizontal sliding-block • Recoil — Hydro-pneumatic • Carriage — Four-wheeled cruciform outriggers • Elevation — -4° to +70° • Traverse — 360°

Designs for dedicated anti-aircraft guns existed before World War I, but few were in service by the outbreak of war. Early anti-aircraft artillery guns used in World War I were primarily adaptations of existing medium-caliber weapons, mounted to enable fire at higher angles. By 1915, the German military command realized that these were useless for anything beyond deterrence, even against vulnerable balloons and slow-moving aircraft. With the increase of aircraft performance, many armies developed dedicated AA guns with a high muzzle velocity – allowing the projectiles to reach greater altitudes. The first such German gun, the Flak 16, was introduced in 1917, using the 88 mm caliber, common in the Kaiserliche Marine.

The barrel for the 8.8 cm K.Zugflak L/45 was built from steel and was 45 calibers in length. The gun had a semi-automatic Krupp horizontal sliding-wedge breech to boost its rate of fire. There was a hydro-pneumatic recoil system located above and below the barrel, along with an equilibriator to balance the gun. The gun was capable of 360° of traverse and -4° to +70° of elevation.