yoke lute
Yoke lutes, commonly called lyres, are a class of string instruments, subfamily of lutes, indicated with the codes 321.21 and 321.22 in the Hornbostel–Sachs classification.
Also recorded as lyre family instruments · lyres
yoke lute
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Yoke lutes, commonly called lyres, are a class of string instruments, subfamily of lutes, indicated with the codes 321.21 and 321.22 in the Hornbostel–Sachs classification.
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Examples
Examples
Examples of yoke lutes are the lyre, the kithara, the barbiton, and the phorminx from Ancient Greece, and the biblical kinnor, all of which were strummed instruments, with the fingers dampening the unwanted notes in the chord. Africa has continuous living traditions of yoke lutes, most of which are plucked, among them the begena, endongo, kissar, krar, litungu, nyatiti, obokano, simsimiyya, and tanbūra. Scandinavia Finland/Karelia and England also have a bowed yoke-lute tradition in the Crwth, Jouhikko and Talharpa.
Contrary examples
Contrary examples
However, there are other instruments called "lyra" or "lira" which, from an organological point of view, do not belong to this family; they are instead handle lutes. For example: The Byzantine lyra, the Calabrian lira, the Cretan lyra, the lira da braccio, and the lyra viol.
Bait Al Baranda Museum in Muscat (Oman). Tamboura.
Ji-Elle
Kissar, nilotic lyre
François Joseph Fétis, unknown artist · François Joseph Fétis: Histoire générale de la musique, 1869
Description
Yoke lutes are defined as instruments with one or more strings, arranged parallel to the sound board and attached to a yoke lying on the same plane as the sound table, composed of two arms and a crosspiece. All of the instruments of the ancient Greek lyre family were played by strumming the strings, but modern African lyres are most often plucked; a few yoke lutes are played with a bow. The sound box can be either bowl-shaped (321.21) or box-shaped (321.22). In the first case, the resonator is often a turtle shell, while the sound board is made of leather. In the second case, usually both the body and the sound board are made of wood.
Notes from the source article
Cited by Wikipedia
Notes from the source article
These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
- 1.Graeme Lawson: A Lyre Bridge of the Early Iron Age from High Pasture Cave, Scotland: 1. Archaeology, Description, Comparative Organology, Function and Purpose. In: Ricardo Eichmann, Fang Jianjun, Lars-Christian Koch (Hrsg.): Studien zur Musikarchäologie XI. Musikarchäologie aus anthropologischer Sicht (= Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Orient-Archäologie. Band 40). Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2019, S. 213–264, hier: S. 232 f.
- 2.Johannes Hoops (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. Band 14 (Harfe und Leier). De Gruyter, Berlin 1999, ISBN 978-3-11-016423-7, S. 2.
- 3.Friedrich Ludwig Karl Weigand: Deutsches Wörterbuch. Zweiter Band. Erste Abtheilung. J. Rickersche Buchhandlung, Gießen 1860, S. 33 („Die Leier spielen, dann etwas unerträglich hinziehen.“)
- 4.MGG, Sp. 1038.
- 5.Sibyl Marcuse: A Survey of Musical Instruments. Harper & Row, 1975, S. 378 f.
- 6.Carl McTague: The Lyre of Ur.
- 7.Wilhelm Stauder: Die Musik der Sumer, Babylonier und Assyrer, 1970, S. 176–181.
- 8.MGG, Sp. 1014.
- 9.Wilhelm Stauder: Die Musik der Sumer, Babylonier und Assyrer, 1970, S. 182.
- 10.Wilhelm Stauder: Die Musik der Sumer, Babylonier und Assyrer, 1970, S. 204–206.
- 11.John Stainer: The Music of the Bible with some Account of the Development of Modern Musical Instruments from Ancient Tyres. 1879. New Edition: Novello, London 1914, S. 18 (Archive.org).
- 12.Creese, S. 33f, Fig. 10.
- 13.MGG, Sp. 1016f; Joachim Braun: Die Musikkultur Altisraels/Palästinas: Studien zu archäologischen, schriftlichen und vergleichenden Quellen. (= Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1999, ISBN 978-3-525-53664-3, S. 40, 45.
- 14.Jürgen Thimme (Hrsg.): Art and Culture of the Cyclades. Handbook of an Ancient Civilisation. Landesmuseum Karlsruhe. Verlag C.F. Müller, Karlsruhe 1977, Abb. 39, 65, 77.
- 15.Creese, S. 13.
- 16.Creese, S. 35.
- 17.Leiern. In: MGG, Sp. 1022; Creese, S. 49.
- 18.Leiern. In: MGG, Sp. 1022f.
- 19.Leiern. In: MGG, Sp. 1034.
- 20.Vgl. Dorothee Dumoulin: Die Chelys. Ein altgriechisches Saiteninstrument, Teil I. In: Archiv für Musikwissenschaft, Band 49, Heft 2, 1992, S. 85–109; Teil II, Heft 3, 1992, S. 225–257
- 21.Jane McIntosh Snyder: Barbitos. In: Grove Music Online, 2001
- 22.Sheramy Bundrick: Music and Image in Classical Athens. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, ISBN 978-0-521-84806-0, S. 21–24.
- 23.Hickmann: Altägyptische Musik, S. 146, 154.
- 24.Hans Hickmann: Vorderasien und Ägypten im musikalischen Austausch. In: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Band 111, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1961, S. 24–41, hier S. 32f.
- 25.Leiern. In: MGG, Sp. 1018–1020.
- 26.Francis W. Galpin: The Music of the Sumerians and their Immediate Successors, the Babylonians and Assyrians. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1937, S. 32.
- 27.Othmar Wessely: Zum neuausgegrabenen Ennser „Orpheus“. In: Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen Musealvereines. Jahrgang 98, Linz 1953, S. 107–113 ( ).
- 28.Graeme Lawson: A Lyre Bridge of the Early Iron Age from High Pasture Cave, Scotland: 1. Archaeology, Description, Comparative Organology, Function and Purpose. In: Ricardo Eichmann, Fang Jianjun, Lars-Christian Koch (Hrsg.): Studien zur Musikarchäologie XI. Musikarchäologie aus anthropologischer Sicht. (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Archäologie, Band 40) Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2019, S. 213–264, hier S. 214–216
- 29.Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Band 26. De Gruyter, Berlin 2004, S. 160.
- 30.Graeme Lawson: An Anglo-Saxon harp and lyre of the ninth century. In: D.R. Widdess, R.F. Wolpert (Hrsrg.): Music and Tradition. Essays on Asian and other musics presented to Laurence Picken. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1981, S. 229–244, hier S. 238.
- 31.Marinus Jan Hendrikus van Schaik: The Harp in the Middle Ages: The Symbolism of a Musical Instrument. Editions Rodopi, Amsterdam/New York 2005, S. 32f.
- 32.Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Band 26, S. 162.
- 33.Marianne Bröcker: Rotta. 4. Griffbrettleiern – Crwth. In: MGG Online, November 2016.
- 34.Gjermund Kolltveit: The Early Lyre in Scandinavia. A Survey. In: V. Vaitekunas (Hrsg.): Tiltai, Band 3, University of Oslo, Oslo 2000, S. 19–25, hier S. 23.
- 35.John Clark: Lyre. 4. Modern lyres. In: Grove Music Online, 2001
- 36.W. Lothar Gärtner Atelier für Leierbau.
- 37.Rainer Lorenz: Leiern. B. Mittelalter und Neuzeit. II. Leierbau im 20. Jahrhundert. In: MGG Online, 2016
- 38.Hickmann: Die Musik des Arabisch-Islamischen Bereichs, S. 63f.
- 39.Artur Simon: Musik der Nubier. Doppel-CD. Museum Collection Berlin 22/23. Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin 1998, Beiheft S. 14f.
- 40.Ulrich Wegner, 1984, S. 110f.
- 41.Osama Kamal: Al Ahram Weekly, 24.–30. Juni 2010.
- 42.Racy, S. 138f.
- 43.Ivo Strecker: Musik der Hamar, Südäthiopien. Begleitheft, S. 10, der CD: Nyabole. Hamar – Südäthiopien. Berliner Phonogramm-Archiv, Abteilung Musikethnologie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. WERGO 2003.
- 44.Eike Haberland: Die materielle Kultur der Dizi (Südwest-Äthiopien) und ihr kulturhistorischer Kontext. In: Paideuma, Band 27, Frobenius-Institut, 1981, S. 121–171, hier S. 140.
- 45.Ulrich Wegner, 1984, S. 99.
- 46.Leiern. In: MGG, Sp. 1045.
- 47.Leiern. In: MGG, Sp. 1045.
- 48.Felix Bryk: Voodoo-Eros: Ethnological Studies in the Sex-Life of the African Aborigines. Privatdruck, New York 1933, S. 104 (deutsche Originalausgabe: Neger-Eros: Ethnologische Studien über das Sexualleben bei Negern, Berlin 1928)
- 49.Dirk Campbell; BEN BADDOO playing the Nyatiti. Youtube-Video.
- 50.Racy, S. 138.
- 51.Ulrich Wegner, 1984, S. 103–110.
- 52.Creese, S. 61f.
- 53.Richard Francis Burton: The Lake Regions of Central Equatorial Africa. In: Norton Shaw (Hrsg.): The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol 29. John Murray, London 1859, Online bei Google Books.
- 54.Betty Warner Dietz, Michael Babatunde Olatunji: Musical Instruments of Africa. Their Nature, Use, and Place in the Life of a Deeply Musical People. The John Day Company, New York 1965, S. 76–81. Abb. aus Metropolitan Museum of Art, S. 78.
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1- barbitonTerminology
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