Yantai

• Name — Yantai • Other Name — Chefoo, Yentai • Native Name — 烟台市 • Native Name Lang — zh-Hans • Settlement Type — Prefecture-level city • Image Map1 — ChinaShandongYantai.png • Map Caption1 — Location of Yantai City Jurisdiction in Shandong • Pushpin Map — China • Pushpin Map Caption — Location in China • Subdivision Type — Country • Subdivision Name — People's Republic of China • Subdivision Type1 — Province • Subdivision Name1 — Shandong • Subdivision Type2 — County-level divisions • Subdivision Name2 — 12 • Subdivision Type3 — Townships-level divisions • Subdivision Name3 — 148 • Seat Type — Municipal seat • Seat — Laishan District • Leader Title — CPC Secretary • Leader Name — Jiang Cheng (zh-Hans) • Leader Title1 — Mayor • Leader Name1 — Zheng Deyan (zh-Hans) • Established Title — Settled as a barrack • Established Date — 1398 • Established Title1 — Open as a trade port (CHEFOO) • Established Date1 — August 22, 1861 • Area Total Km2 — 13739.9 • Population As Of — 2023 census • Population Total — 7102100 • Population Density Km2 — auto • Population Metro — 2264554 • Population Density Metro Km2 — auto • Population Urban — 4233100 • Population Density Urban Km2 — auto • Demographics Type2 — GDP • Demographics2 Title1 — Prefecture-level city • Demographics2 Info1 — CN¥ 1.1351 trillion US$ 165.3 billion • Demographics2 Title2 — Per capita • Demographics2 Info2 — CN¥ 161,300 US$ 22,600 • Timezone — China Standard • Utc Offset — +8 • Coor Pinpoint — Yantai Museum • Postal Code Type — Postal code • Postal Code — 264000-265800 • Area Code — 535 • Iso Code — CN-SD-06 • Blank2 Name — License Plate • Blank2 Info — 鲁F & 鲁Y • Blank4 Info — Han: 99.80% Korean: 0.049% Manchu: 0.048% Va: 0.020% Mongol: 0.016% • Website — www.yantai.gov.cn • Established Title2 — Settled as a city • Established Date2 — January 19, 1938 • Established Title3 — Settled as a prefecture level city • Established Date3 — August 30, 1983

• T — 煙臺 • S — 烟台 • P — Yāntái • W — Yan 1 -t'ai 2 • L — "Smoke Tower" • Order — st • Showflag — p

• Title — Former names • Pic — File:Yantai (Chefoo), Qing Dynasty postage stamp.gif • Picsize — 125px • Piccap — postage stamp of Chefoo • Altname — Zhifu • Psp2 — Chefoo • C2 — 芝罘 • P2 — Zhīfú • Showflag — p Yantai, formerly Chefoo, is a coastal prefecture-level city on the Shandong Peninsula in China. Lying on the southern coast of the Bohai Strait, Yantai borders Qingdao on the southwest and Weihai on the east, with sea access to both the Bohai Sea (via the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Strait) and the Yellow Sea (from both north and south sides of the Shandong Peninsula). It is the largest fishing seaport in Shandong. Its population was 7,102,116 during the 2020 census, of whom 3,184,299 lived in the built-up area made up of the 5 urban districts of Zhifu, Laishan, Fushan, Muping, and Penglai.

The name Yantai (lit literally. "Smoke Watchtower") derives from the watchtowers constructed on Mount Qi (奇山所城) in 1398 by locals. The towers were used to light signal fires and send smoke signals, called langyan from their supposed use of wolf dung for fuel. At the time, the area was troubled by the Japanese pirates, initially raiders from the warring states in Japan but later principally disaffected Chinese. The major district of Yantai is Zhifu, formerly the largest city therein was then romanized as Chefoo,Postal Map Romanization Che-foo, Chi-fu, among others possible variants. Although this name was used for the city by the Europeans prior to the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, the locals referred to the settlement as Yantai throughout.

During the Xia and Shang dynasties, the region was inhabited by indigenous people vaguely known to the Chinese as the "Eastern Barbarians" (Dongyi). Under the Zhou, they were colonized and sinicized as the state of Lai. Lai was annexed by Qi in 567 BC. Under the First Emperor (Shi Huangdi), the area was administered as the Qi Commandery. In 218 BCE, during his eastern inspection tour, Emperor Qin Shi Huang visited Zhifu Island, leaving behind the Zhifu Stone Inscription and establishing the Eastern Inspection Palace. The stone inscription later fell into the sea and was lost, though 14 characters survive today through ink rubbings. The Eastern Inspection Palace was demolished in 1966 during Cultural Revolution. Under the Han, this was renamed as the Donglai Commandery (東). Following the Three Kingdoms period, the area was organized by the Jin as the Donglai Kingdom or Principality, later returning to prefecture status as a jùn and then zhōu. Under the Tang and during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, it was known as Deng Prefecture and organized with the Henan Circuit. It was then organized as the Laizhou (萊) and then the Dengzhou Prefecture (登). Up to the 19th century, however, the Zhifu area close to Yantai city consisted of nothing but small unwalled fishing villages of little importance. Under the Ming dynasty, these were first troubled by the Wokou and then by the overreacting "Sea Ban", which required coastal Chinese to give up trading and most fishing and relocate inland upon pain of death. • Illustration — Paleolithic settlement site on Changshan Islands • Illustration — Qin Shi Huang visited Zhifu in 218 BCE • Illustration — Han dynasty lotus lamp • Illustration — Statue of Qi Jiguang in Penglai, who used to serve as the military commander in this region

Following the Second Opium War, the Qing regime was obliged to open more ports by the Europeans, including Tengchow Prefecture (now Penglai). Its port being found inadequate, Zhifu—about 30 mi away—was selected to act as the seat of the area's foreign commerce. The mooring was at considerable distance from shore, necessitating more time and expense in loading and unloading, but the harbor was deep and expansive and business grew rapidly. The harbor opened in May 1861, with its status as an international port affirmed on August 22. The official decree was accompanied by the construction of the Donghai Customs House (東海). It quickly became the residence of a circuit intendant ("taotai"), customs house, and a considerable foreign settlement located between the old native town and the harbor. Britain and sixteen other nations established consulates in the town. The town was initially expanded with well-laid streets and well-built stone houses, even for the poorer classes; churches were erected, and a large hotel did business with foreigners who employed the town as a summer resort. The principal traders were Anglo-American, followed by the Germans and Thais.In 1872, 233 British vessels entered the port with 97,239 tons of cargo valued at £144,887 and 348 ships of all other nationalities entered with 149,197 tons of cargo valued at £177,168. In the 1870s, the principal imports were woolen and cotton goods, iron, and opium and the principal exports were tofu, soybean oil, peas, coarse vermicelli, vegetables, and dried fruit from Zhifu itself, raw silk and straw braid from Laizhou, and walnuts from Qingzhou. The town also traded Chinese liquors and sundries for the edible seaweed grown in the shallows of the Russian settlements around Port Arthur (now Dalian's Lüshunkou District). In 1875, the murder of the British diplomat Augustus Margary in Tengchong, Yunnan, led to a diplomatic crisis that was resolved in Zhifu by Thomas Wade and Li Hongzhang the next year. The resultant Chefoo Convention gave British subjects extraterritoriality throughout China and exempted the foreign merchants' enclaves from the likin tax on internal commerce. Its healthy situation and good anchorage made it a favorite coaling station for foreign fleets, giving it some importance in the conflicts over Korea, Port Arthur, and Weihaiwei. Awardwinning Chefoo bobbin lace was produced following the introduction of the craft by British missionaries, reportedly becoming a popular export. Chefoo lace was exhibited at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Yantai received German economic activities and investments for about 20 years. In the run-up to the First World War, its trade continued to growTotal imports and exports were valued at £2,724,000 in 1880, £4,228,000 in 1899, and £4,909,908 in 1904. The 905 vessels in 1895 had a total tonnage of 835,248; the 1842 in 1905 held 1,492,514 tons. but was limited by the poor roads of the area's hinterland and the necessity of using pack animals for portage. The trade items remained largely the same as before. After the Germans were defeated by Allied forces in World War I, Qingdao and Yantai were occupied by the Japanese, who turned Yantai into a summer station for their Asian fleet. They also set up a trading establishment in the town. The different foreign influences that shaped this city are explored at the Yantai Museum, which used to be a guild hall. However, the city's colorful history has not left a distinctive architectural mark, there has never been a foreign concession, and though there are a few grand 19th-century European buildings, most of the town is of much more recent origin. After 1949, the town's name was changed from Chefoo to Yantai, and it was opened to the world as an ice-free trade port in 1984. • Illustration — Yantai in 1872 • Illustration — Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi visiting Yantai in 1898 • Illustration — Classroom scene at Chefoo Girls' school, 1902 • Illustration — U.S. Navy sailors on Evans Island(崆峒島), 1903 • Illustration — Original German Post Office • Illustration — Chefoo Postal Service stamp of the municipal lighthouse

On November 12, 1911, the eastern division of Tongmenghui declared itself a part of the revolutionary movement. The next day, it established the Shandong Military Government (山東軍政府) and, the day after that, renamed itself the Yantai Division of the Shandong Military Government (山東煙臺軍政分府). In 1914, Jiaodong Circuit (膠東道) was established with Yantai as the capital. Jiaodong Circuit was renamed Donghai Circuit (東海道) in 1925. In 1935, the Xu Minge (徐明娥) Incident sparked massive student demonstrations in Yantai, and on November 29 of the same year, the Jiaodong CCP Special Committee launched the November 4th Uprising, which was subsequently suppressed. On February 3, 1938, Yantai was occupied by the Japanese army, marking the city's first official designation as an urban administrative unit. After Japan's surrender, the Eighth Route Army took control of Yantai on August 24, 1945, and the Jiaodong Administrative District was established; the Nationalist Government created the provincially administered City of Yantai and appointed Bai Shupu as acting mayor, while in February of the following year, the Communist authorities formed its own concurrent Yantai municipal unit using parts of Fushan and Muping counties. Beginning in September 1947, a series of military engagements between Nationalist and Communist forces erupted across the Jiaodong Peninsula—known historically as the Jiaodong Campaign—and on October 1, the KMT occupied Yantai, with Ding Futing assuming office as mayor. Ultimately, on October 15, 1948, the People's Liberation Army retook Yantai, returning it to the jurisdiction of the Jiaodong Administrative District. • Illustration — Shanghai Northern Expedition student corps landing in Yantai during the 1911 Revolution • Illustration — Completion of the East Sea Dam at Yantai Port in 1919 • Illustration — Group photo of boys and staff at Chefoo School, ca. 1915 • Illustration — U.S. naval ships anchored in Yantai Bay in the late 1930s

After the creation of the People's Republic of China, Yantai was officially awarded city status with the outlying towns of Laiyang and Wendeng tacked on as "Special Regions" (zh-Hans) in 1950. Wendeng was merged into Laiyang six years later, and this larger Laiyang Special Region was combined with Yantai City to become Yantai Prefecture (zh-Hans). Yantai is of strategic importance to China's defense, as it and Dalian, directly across the Bohai Sea from it, are primary coastal guard points for Beijing. In November 1983, the prefecture became a prefecture-level city.

Yantai is located along the north coast of the Shandong Peninsula, south of the junction of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and parallel to the southern coast of Liaoning. The topographical breakdown consists of: • 36.62% mountainous • 39.7% hilly • 50.23% plain • 2.90% basin About 2643.60 km2 is urbanized. Only Qixia City is located entirely inland. All other county-level entities are coastal, with Changdao consisting entirely of islands. The total coastline of the prefecture is 909 km. The summits in the hill country vary from 100 -; the average peak in the mountainous region is 500 m, and the highest point of elevation is the summit of Mount Kunyu (崑) at 922.8 m. There are 121 rivers over 5 km in length, the largest being: • Wulong River (zh-Hans) • Dagu River (zh-Hans) • Dagujia River (zh-Hans) • Wang River (zh-Hans) • Jie River (zh-Hans) • Huangshui River (zh-Hans) • Xin'an River (zh-Hans) • Illustration — Map of Yantai in 1816 • Illustration — Yantai (labeled as YEN-T'AI (CHEFOO)) (1953) • Illustration — Map of Yantai (labeled as YEN-T'AI (CHEFOO))

Yantai has a monsoon-influenced climate which under the Köppen climate classification, Yantai falls within either a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dwa) if the 0 °C isotherm is used or a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) if the -3 °C isotherm is used. Summers are hot, humid, and rainy while winters are cold and dry. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −12.8 °C (unofficial record of −15 °C was set on January 10, 1931) to 38.4 °C.

The prefecture-level city of Yantai administers 12 county-level divisions, including 5 districts, 6 county-level cities, and one development zone. (zh-Hans) • District — Local name — City — Local name • Zhifu District — 芝罘区 — Laiyang City — 莱阳市 • Fushan District — 福山区 — Laizhou City — 莱州市 • Muping District — 牟平区 — Zhaoyuan City — 招远市 • Laishan District — 莱山区 — Qixia City — 栖霞市 • Penglai District — 蓬莱区 — Haiyang City — 海阳市 • Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone — 烟台经济技术开发区 — Longkou City — 龙口市 • Yantai Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone — 烟台高新技术产业开发区 These are further divided into 148 township-level divisions, including 94 towns, six townships, and 48 subdistricts. • Map *

• Illustration — Oil drilling platforms in Longkou Yantai is currently the second largest industrial city in Shandong, next to Qingdao. However, the region's largest industry is agriculture. It is famous throughout China for a particular variety of apple and Laiyang pear, and is home to the country's largest and oldest grape winery, Changyu. Yantai has one of the most dynamic and diversified economies in Shandong Province. Historically known for commercial fishing, fruit production (especially apples), and light manufacturing, the city has evolved into a modern industrial base with strengths in equipment manufacturing, petrochemicals, automobile production, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and emerging high-tech industries. The county-level city of Longkou is well known throughout China for its production of cellophane noodles.

• Illustration — Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant Yantai derives most of its energy from a large coal power plant using bituminous coal, and fitted with coal gasification technology to minimize pollution. The plant is located close to Yantai port. An attempt to switch northern China from coal to natural gas resulted in shortages, and in 2017 the Chinese government implemented a new plan to convert half of northern China to clean energy for winter heating. Haiyang, a city under Yantai's prefecture, is anticipated to meet its total winter heating needs with nuclear power by 2021. • Illustration — Yuhuangding Hospital, the best hospital in the city

• Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state-level economic development zones in China. It now has a planned area of 10 km2 and a population of 115,000. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the Yellow Sea. It adjoins downtown Yantai, merely 6 kilometers away from Yantai Port and 6 kilometers away from Yantai Railway Station (not to be confused with Yantai South Railway Station). • Yantai Export Processing Zone Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is 4.17 km2, in which the initial zone covers 3 km2. After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, with standard workshops of 120000 m2 and bonded warehouses of 40000 m2. Up to now, owing to an excellent investment environment, YTEPZ has attracted investors from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc., as well as domestic investors, to operate in the zone.

• Illustration — Yantai No.1 High School The following is a list of prominent Yantai higher education institutions. • Yantai University • Ludong University • Shandong Institute of Business and Technology China Agricultural University and Binzhou Medical College house campuses in Yantai. Yantai also houses a Korean international school, Korean School in Yantai. From 1881 to 1951, Chefoo School, a missionary school established to educate foreign children, was operated.

Yantai Penglai International Airport provides scheduled flights to major airports in China as well as Seoul, Osaka, and Hong Kong. The Lancun–Yantai railway ends at Yantai. The Qingrong Intercity Railway, the first intercity high-speed railway in Shandong Province, has been put into operation, cutting the travel time of the fastest train from Qingdao to Yantai from about 4 hours and 30 minutes to about 1 hour and 15 minutes.

• Illustration — Ship Mast on Yantai Hill • Illustration — Temple of the Sea Goddess Penglai City's Dan Cliffs is said to be the departure point of the Eight Immortals on their trip to the Conference of the Magical Peach. Penglai is around 80 km from Downtown Yantai. Yangma Island is located in the north of Muping District, Yantai and has a large area. The climate on the island is pleasant, with no severe cold in winter and no scorching heat in summer, making it suitable for leisure and vacation. It can be called the Maldives in China. Yangma Island has a long history. It is said that Emperor Qin Shi Huang raised royal horses here during his eastward tour and was named the "Royal Horse Island", hence the name of Yangma Island.

The sister cities of Yantai are list below: • Brazil Vitória, Brazil • United States San Diego, United States • Japan Beppu, Japan • New Zealand Tauranga, New Zealand • Japan Miyako, Japan • South Korea Gunsan, South Korea • Thailand Phuket, Thailand • United Kingdom Angus, United Kingdom • South Korea Wonju, South Korea • South Korea Ulsan, South Korea • Sweden Örebro, Sweden • Bulgaria Burgas, Bulgaria • France Quimper, France • France Angers, France • South Korea Incheon, South Korea • South Korea Ansan, South Korea • United States Omaha, United States • Australia Mackay, Australia • Spain Alcala De Henares, Spain • Hungary Miskolc, Hungary • Spain Gijón, Spain

• Qiu Chuji (1148–1227), leading Quanzhen Taoist priest and founder of Dragon Gate Taoism • Qi Jiguang (1528–1588), military general most remembered for defending coastal China against the Japanese pirates • Wang Yirong (1845–1900), official and historian who was first to recognize the oracle bone script • Henry Luce (1898–1967), founder of Time Magazine, Sports Illustrated, and owned many magazine publications such as Life Magazine • Peter Stursberg (1913–2014), Canadian writer and journalist • Chou Wen-chung (1923–2019), composer • Liu Zewen (b. 1943), artist • Lin Qingxia (b. 1954), actress • Wang Zhengpu (b. 1963), politician • Dong Jun (b.1963), People's Liberation Army Navy commander • Li Yunze (b. 1970), politician and first post 70's ministerial-level leader • Huo Jianhua (b. 1979), actor • Wang Yaping (b. 1980), People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps astronaut • Fan Bingbing (b. 1981), actress • Guanqun Yu (b. 1982), opera singer • Zhao Yingzi (b. 1990), actress