Ulfberht

• Name — Ulfberht swords • Type — Sword • Is Bladed — yes • Production Date — 9th to 11th centuries • Weight — avg. 1.2 kg (2.7 lb) • Length — avg. 91 cm (36 in) • Width — 5 cm (2 in) • Blade Type — Double-edged, straight bladed, slight taper • Hilt Type — One-handed with pommel, variable guard • Head Type — Acute distal taper, and point • Illustration — One of three Ulfberht swords found in the territory of the Volga Bulgars. Its hilt (classified as Petersen type T-2) is decorated with three lines of round holes inlaid with twisted silver wire. • Illustration — Four Ulfberht swords found in Norway (drawings from Lorange 1889)

Ulfberht swords most likely originated in the Rhineland region, i.e., in Austrasia, the core region of the Frankish realm, later part of the Franconian stem duchy. Frankish origin of the swords has long been assumed because of the form of the personal name Ulfberht. Despite their assumed Frankish origin, the majority of the swords have been found in Northern Europe. Rather than being traded items, the swords were most likely exported as loot, ransom, or contraband — prohibitions in the Carolingian capitularia made it illegal to sell to foreigners at the time. Three specimens have been found as far afield as Volga Bulgaria, at the time part of the Volga trade route.

A total of 167 Ulfberht swords have been found, mostly in the Fennoscandia region and around the Baltic Sea. The number of swords found in Finland is unclear; Stalsberg identifies 14 Finnish Ulfberht swords, but Moilanen identifies 31. In general, the exact number of swords found is debatable due to the fragmentary condition of some artifacts, and because some inscriptions appear to refer to the Ulfberht type rather than indicating that a specimen actually belongs to the type. The prevalence of Ulfberht swords in the archaeological record of Northern Europe does not imply that such swords were more widely used there than in Francia; the pagan practice of placing weapons in warrior graves greatly favours the archaeological record in regions of Europe that were still pagan (and indeed most of the Ulfberht swords found in Norway are from warrior graves), while swords found in continental Europe and England after the 7th century are mostly limited to stray finds; e.g., in riverbeds. This is supported by the change in geographical distribution noted in the late Viking Age, when much of previously Pagan Europe was Christianized. None of the Norwegian Ulfberht swords are dated later than the early—middle 11th century, which coincides with the end of Pagan burial rites in the area. Location and dating of known Ulfberht swords • Country — Early Viking Age (8th - 9th ce.) — Middle Viking Age (10th ce.) — Late Viking Age (10th - 11th ce.) — Undated — Total • Norway — 17 — 19 — 5 — 3 — 44 • Sweden — 9 — 3 — 1 — 4 — 17 • Finland — 2 — 3 — 2 — 7 — 14 • Estonia — 2 — 3 — 1 — 3 — 9 • Latvia — 1 — 1 — 4 — 1 — 7 • Lithuania — - — 1 — - — 1 — 2 • Belarus — - — 1 — - — - — 1 • Ukraine — 1 — 5 — - — 1 — 7 • Russia — 4 — 5 — 1 — 1 — 11 • Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) — 2 — 4 — 2 — 4 — 12 • Poland — - — 3 — 3 — 1 — 7 • Czechia — - — 1 — 1 — - — 2 • Croatia — 2 — - — - — - — 2 • Italy — - — - — - — 1 — 1 • Switzerland — - — - — 1 — - — 1 • Germany — 2 — 2 — 9 — - — 13 • Denmark — - — 3 — - — - — 3 • Netherlands — 2 — - — - — 1 — 3 • Belgium — - — - — 2 — - — 2 • England — 1 — 1 — 2 — - — 4 • Ireland — 2 — - — - — - — 2 • Iceland — - — 2 — - — - — 2 • Spain — - — - — 1 — - — 1 • France — - — - — 1 — - — 1 • Total || 47 || 57 || 36 || 28 || 168

The original Ulfberht sword type dates to the 9th or 10th century, but swords with the Ulfberht inscription continued to be made at least until the end of the Viking Age in the 11th century. A notable late example found in Eastern Germany, dated to the 11th or possibly early 12th century, represents the only specimen that combines the Vlfberht signature with a Christian "in nomine domini" inscription (+IINIOMINEDMN). As a given name, Wulfbert (Old High German Wolfbert, Wolfbrecht, Wolfpert, Wolfperht, Vulpert) is recorded from the 8th to 10th centuries.