Sofonisba Anguissola

The Spanish queen, Elizabeth of Valois, was a keen amateur painter, and in 1559 Anguissola was recruited to go to Madrid as her tutor, with the rank of lady-in-waiting. She later became an official court painter to the king, Philip II, and adapted her style to the more formal requirements of official portraits for the Spanish court. She moved to Sicily, and later Pisa and Genoa, where she continued to practice as a leading portrait painter. Her most distinctive and attractive paintings are her portraits of herself and her family, which she painted before she moved to the Spanish court. In particular, her depictions of children were fresh and closely observed. At the Spanish court, she painted formal state portraits in the prevailing official style, as one of the first, and most successful, of the relatively few female court painters. Later in her life she also painted religious subjects, although many of her religious paintings have been lost. In 1629, she died at age 97 in Palermo. Anguissola's example, as much as her oeuvre, had a lasting influence on subsequent generations of artists, and her great success opened the way for larger numbers of women to pursue serious careers as artists. Her paintings can be seen at galleries in Boston (Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum), Milwaukee (Milwaukee Art Museum), Bergamo, Brescia, Budapest, Poznań, Madrid (Museo del Prado), Warsaw, Naples, and Siena, and at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Her contemporary Giorgio Vasari wrote that Anguissola "has shown greater application and better grace than any other woman of our age in her endeavours at drawing; she has thus succeeded not only in drawing, colouring and painting from nature, and copying excellently from others, but by herself has created rare and very beautiful paintings."

• Name — Sofonisba Anguissola • Born — c. 1532 • Birthplace — Cremona, Duchy of Milan • Died — 16 November 1629 • Place of death — Palermo, Kingdom of Sicily • Field — * Portrait painting • drawing • Training — * Bernardino Campi • Bernardino Gatti • Movement — Late Renaissance • Patrons — Philip II of Spain • Relatives — * Elena Anguissola (sister) • Lucia Anguissola (sister) • Anna Maria Anguissola (sister) • Resting Place — San Giorgio dei Genovesi, Palermo • Illustration — The artist's sisters are depicted in The Game of Chess, 1555. National Museum in Poznań

• Illustration — Family Portrait of Minerva, Amilcare and Asdrubale Anguissola, c. 1559 The origin and the name of the noble Anguissola family are linked to an ancient Byzantine tradition, rich in historical details. According to this tradition, the Anguissolas are descended from the Constantinopolitan warlord Galvano Sordo or Galvano de Soardi/Sourdi (Σούρδη, a family name still in use today in Greece, Constantinople and Smyrna). In 717, Galvano served in the army of the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian, and "with an ingenious artificial fire, contributed to liberate the city of Constantinople from the Saracens who had kept it besieged by land and sea". This "artificial fire" was the so-called Greek fire, an incendiary weapon developed in the late 7th century, which was responsible for many key Byzantine military victories, most notably the salvation of Constantinople from two Arab sieges, thus securing the Empire's survival. Since the shield of the Sourdi carried the effigy of an asp (in Latin: anguis), after Galvano's victory over the Umayyads, his brothers-in-arms and the people of Constantinople exclaimed: "Anguis sola fecit victoriam!", i.e.: "The snake alone brought the victory!" This saying became very popular, and Galvano himself was nicknamed "Anguissola". The Emperor eventually bestowed the Anguissola surname to all his descendants. In this regard, it has been suggested that the monogram depicted on Anguissola's miniature self-portrait may contain the family motto "Anguis sola fecit victoriam" or, more simply, the name of Anguissola's father, Amilcare. Fleeing from a pestilence that raged in Constantinople, the descendants of the first Anguissola settled in Italy, intermarried with other noble families such as the Komnenoi, the Gonzagas, the Caracciolos, the Scottis and the Viscontis, and built autonomous estates in Piacenza, Cremona, Vicenza and other regions of Italy. The Anguissolas who settled in the Republic of Venice belonged to the patriciate of its capital, Venice from 1499 to 1612.

• Illustration — Portrait of Bianca Ponzoni Anguissola, the artist's mother, 1557 • Illustration — Miniature self-portrait, 1556. Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Sofonisba Anguissola was born into a poor but ancient Italian noble family in Cremona, Lombardy in 1532, the oldest of seven children, six of whom were girls. Her father, Amilcare Anguissola, was a member of the Cremonese nobility, and her mother, Bianca Ponzone, was also of noble background. The family lived near the site of a famous 2nd century B.C. battle, the Battle of the Trebia, between the Romans and Carthaginians, and several members of the Anguissola family were named after ancient Carthaginian historical characters: Amilcare was named for the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca; he named his first daughter after the tragic Carthaginian figure Sophonisba and his only son Asdrubale after the warlord Hasdrubal Barca. Amilcare Anguissola, inspired by Baldassare Castiglione's book The Book of the Courtier, encouraged all his daughters (Sofonisba, Elena, Lucia, Europa, Minerva and Anna Maria) to cultivate and perfect their talents. Four of her sisters (Elena, Lucia, Europa and Anna Maria) also became painters, but Sofonisba was by far the most accomplished and renowned and taught her younger siblings. Elena (c. 1532 – 1584) abandoned painting to become a nun. Both Anna Maria and Europa gave up art upon marrying, while Lucia (1536 or 1538 – c. 1565–1568), the best painter of Sophonisba's sisters, died young. The remaining sister, Minerva, became a writer and Latin scholar. Asdrubale, Sophonisba's brother, studied music and Latin, but not painting. Her aristocratic father made sure that Anguissola and her sisters received a well-rounded education that included the fine arts. Anguissola was fourteen when her father sent her and her sister Elena to study with Bernardino Campi, a respected portrait and religious painter of the Lombard school. When, in 1550, Campi moved to Milan, Anguissola continued her studies with painter Bernardino Gatti (known as Il Sojaro), a pupil of Correggio's. Anguissola's apprenticeship with local painters set a precedent for women to be accepted as students of art. Dates are uncertain, but Anguissola probably continued her studies under Gatti for about three years (1551–1553). One of Anguissola's most important early works was Bernardino Campi Painting Sofonisba Anguissola (c. 1550). The unusual double portrait depicts Anguissola's art teacher in the act of painting a portrait of her. In 1554, at age twenty-two, Anguissola travelled to Rome, where she spent her time sketching various scenes and people. While in Rome, she was introduced to Michelangelo by another painter who was familiar with her work. Anguissola initially showed Michelangelo a drawing of a laughing girl, but the painter challenged her to draw a weeping boy, a subject which he felt would be more challenging. Anguissola drew Child Bitten by a Lobster and sent it back to Michelangelo, who immediately recognized her talent. Michelangelo subsequently gave Anguissola sketches from his notebooks to draw in her own style and offered advice on the results. For at least two years, Anguissola continued this informal study, receiving substantial guidance from Michelangelo.

• Illustration — Portrait of Bernardino Campi Painting Sofonisba Anguissola, c. 1550s Anguissola's education and training had different implications from those of men, since men and women worked in separate spheres. Her training was not to help her into a profession where she would compete for commissions with male artists, but to make her a better wife, companion, and mother. Although Anguissola enjoyed significantly more encouragement and support than the average woman of her day, her social class did not allow her to transcend the constraints of her sex. Without the possibility of studying anatomy or drawing from life (it was considered unacceptable for a lady to view nudes), she could not undertake the complex multi-figure compositions required for large-scale religious or history paintings. Instead, she experimented with new styles of portraiture, setting subjects informally. Self-portraits and family members were her most frequent subjects, as seen in such paintings as Self-Portrait (1554, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), Portrait of Amilcare, Minerva and Asdrubale Anguissola (c. 1557–1558, Nivaagaards Malerisambling, Nivå, Denmark), and her most famous picture, The Game of Chess (1555, National Museum in Poznań), which depicted her sisters Lucia, Minerva and Europa. Painted when Anguissola was 23 years old, The Game of Chess is an intimate representation of an everyday family scene, combining elaborate formal clothing with very informal facial expressions, which was unusual for Italian art at this time. The Game of Chess explored a new kind of genre painting, which places her sisters in a domestic setting instead of the formal or allegorical settings that were popular at the time. This painting has been regarded as a conversation piece, which is an informal portrait of a group engaging in lively conversation or some activity. Anguissola's self-portraits also offer evidence of what she thought her place was as a woman artist. Normally, men were seen as creative actors and women as passive objects, but in her self-portrait of 1556, Anguissola presents herself as the artist, separating herself from the role of the object to be painted. Additional pieces show how she rebels against the notion that women are objects, in essence, an instrument to be played by men. Her self-portrait of 1561 shows her playing an instrument, taking on a different role. In her later portraits, she represents multiple statuses by using a double portrait image, portraying herself as an artist or a wife. • Illustration — Portrait of Marquess Massimiliano Stampa (1557), the artist's first commissioned work. She became well known outside of Italy, and in 1559, King Philip II of Spain asked her to be a lady-in-waiting and art teacher to Queen Elisabeth of Valois, who was only 14 at the time. Following the death of Queen Elisabeth of Valois nine years into their acquaintance, Anguissola chose to depart from the court. The two had developed a close relationship, and the Queen’s passing served as the primary reason for her departure. She had painted the entire royal family and even the Pope commissioned Anguissola to do a portrait of the Queen.

• Illustration — Portrait of Queen Elisabeth of Spain In 1558, already established as a painter, Anguissola went to Milan, where she painted Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba. He in turn recommended her to the Spanish king, Philip II. The following year, Anguissola was invited to join the Spanish Court, which was a turning point in her career. Anguissola was approximately 26 when she left Italy to join the Spanish court. In the winter of 1559–1560, she arrived in Madrid to serve as a court painter and lady-in-waiting to the new queen, Elisabeth of Valois, Philip's third wife, who was herself an amateur portraitist. Anguissola soon gained Elisabeth's admiration and confidence and spent the following years painting many official portraits for the court, including Philip II's sister, Joanna, and his son, Don Carlos. These types of painting were more demanding than the informal portraits upon which Anguissola had based her early reputation, as it took a large amount of time and energy to render the designs of the fine fabrics and jewellery associated with royal subjects. Yet despite the challenge, Anguissola's paintings of Elisabeth of Valois – and later of Anne of Austria, Philip II's fourth wife – were vibrant and full of life. • Illustration — The Prado Philip II, now recognised as by Anguissola During her 14-year residence, she guided the artistic development of Queen Elisabeth, and influenced the art made by her two daughters, Isabella Clara Eugenia and Catherine Michaela. Anguissola painted a portrait of the King's sister, Margaret of Parma, for Pope Pius IV in 1561 and, after Queen Elisabeth's death in childbirth in 1568, painted the likeness of Anne of Austria, Philip's fourth wife. While she continued painting portraits at the court, the Althorp Self-Portrait is the "only securely attributed work surviving from this period". For the royal family, Anguissola produced detailed scenes of their lives that now hang in the Prado Museum. With the gifts and a dowry of 12,000 scudi she earned along with her salary as court painter and lady-in-waiting to the Queen, she amassed an admirable return from her craft. • Illustration — Elizabeth of Valois (Attr. Sofonisba Anguissola, 1561–1565). Museo del Prado, Madrid • Illustration — Queen Anna of Austria by Sofonisba Anguissola While in the service of Elisabeth of Valois, Anguissola worked closely with Alonso Sanchez Coello. So closely in fact, that the famous painting of the middle-aged King Philip II was long attributed to Coello or Juan Pantoja de la Cruz. Only recently has Anguissola been recognized as the painting's creator.

• Illustration — Self-portrait, c. 1560 After the death of Elisabeth of Valois in 1568, Philip II took a special interest in Anguissola's future. He had wished to marry her to one of the nobles in the Spanish Court. In 1571, when she was approaching the age of 40, Anguissola entered an arranged marriage to a Sicilian nobleman chosen for her by the Spanish court. Philip II paid a dowry of 12,000 scudi for her marriage to Fabrizio Moncada Pignatelli, son of the Prince of Paternò, Viceroy of Sicily. Fabrizio was said to be supportive of her painting. Anguissola and her husband left Spain with the King's permission, and are believed to have lived in Paternò (near Catania) from 1573 to 1579, though some recent scholarship has suggested that the couple remained in Spain. She received a royal pension of 100 ducats that enabled her to continue working and tutoring would-be painters. Her private fortune also supported her family and brother, Asdrubale, following Amilcare Anguissola's financial decline and death. In Paternò, she painted and donated La Madonna dell'Itria. Anguissola's husband died in 1579 under mysterious circumstances. Two years later, while traveling to Cremona by sea, she fell in love with the ship's captain, sea merchant Orazio Lomellino. Against the wishes of her brother, they married in Pisa on 24 December 1584 and lived in Genoa until 1620. She had no children, but maintained cordial relationships with her nieces and her stepson, Giulio.

Lomellino's fortune, plus a generous pension from Philip II, allowed Anguissola to paint freely and live comfortably. By now famous, Anguissola received colleagues who came to visit and discuss the arts with her. Several of these were younger artists, eager to learn and mimic Anguissola's distinctive style. In her later life, Anguissola painted not only portraits but religious themes, as she had done in the days of her youth, although many of the latter have been lost. She was the leading portrait painter in Genoa until she moved to Palermo in her last years. In 1620, she painted her last self-portrait. • Illustration — Anthony van Dyck, portrait of Anguissola in 1629, when she was 97 and, according to Van Dyck's notes, mentally still very sharp. On 12 July 1629, Anguissola was visited in Palermo by the young Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck, who recorded the encounter in his Italian sketchbook and made a portrait of her. Van Dyck noted that Anguissola was 96 years old, that her eyesight was weakened, and that her memory and intellect remained clear. A documentary reassessment by Carla Rossi has corrected the earlier reading of the date as 1624, first introduced by Sir Herbert Cook, confirming the date as 12 July 1629.. Excerpts of the advice she gave him about painting survive from this visit, and he was said to have claimed that their conversation taught him more about the "true principles" of painting than anything else in his life. Anguissola became a wealthy patron of the arts after the weakening of her sight. In 1629, she died in Palermo, likely in her mid-to-late nineties. Anguissola's adoring second husband, who described her as small of frame, yet "great among mortals", buried her with honour in Palermo at the Church of San Giorgio dei Genovesi. Three years later, on the anniversary of what would have been her 100th birthday, her husband placed an inscription on her tomb that read in part: • Illustration — Portrait of Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal. 1550s. Private collection.

• Illustration — Sofonisba Anguissola, Self-Portrait, 1610 The influence of Campi, whose reputation was based on portraiture, is evident in Anguissola's early works, such as the Self-Portrait (Florence, Uffizi). Her work was akin to the worldly tradition of Cremona, influenced greatly by the art of Parma and Mantua, in which even religious works were imbued with extreme delicacy and charm. From Gatti, she seems to have absorbed elements reminiscent of Correggio, beginning a trend in Cremonese painting of the late 16th century. This new direction is reflected in Lucia, Minerva and Europa Anguissola Playing Chess (1555; National Museum in Poznań) in which portraiture merges into a quasi-genre scene, a characteristic derived from Brescian models. The main body of Anguissola's earlier work consists of self-portraits (the many "autoritratti" reflect the fact that portraits of her were frequently requested due to her fame) and portraits of her family, which are considered by many to be her finest works. Approximately fifty works have been attributed to Anguissola. Her paintings can be seen at galleries in Baltimore (Walters Art Museum), Bergamo, Berlin (Gemäldegalerie), Graz (Joanneum Alte Galerie), Madrid (Museo del Prado), Milan (Pinacoteca di Brera), Milwaukee (Milwaukee Art Museum), Naples (National Museum of Capodimonte), Poznań (National Museum, Poznań), Siena (Pinacoteca Nazionale), Southampton (Southampton City Art Gallery), and Vienna (Kunsthistorisches Museum).

Sofonisba Anguissola's oeuvre had a lasting influence on subsequent generations of artists. Her portrait of Queen Elisabeth of Valois with a zibellino (the pelt of a marten set with a head and feet of jewelled gold) was widely copied by many of the finest artists of the time, such as Peter Paul Rubens, while Caravaggio allegedly took inspiration from Anguissola's work for his Boy Bitten by a Lizard. Anguissola is significant to feminist art historians. Although there has never been a period in Western history in which women were completely absent in the visual arts, Anguissola's great success opened the way for larger numbers of women to pursue serious careers as artists; Lavinia Fontana expressed in a letter written in 1579 that she and another woman, Irene di Spilimbergo, had "set [their] heart[s] on learning how to paint" after seeing one of Anguissola's portraits. Some of her more well-known successors include Lavinia Fontana, Barbara Longhi, Fede Galizia and Artemisia Gentileschi. A Cremonese school bears the name Liceo Statale Sofonisba Anguissola. American artist Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827) named his daughter Sophonisba Angusciola (1786–1859; married name Sellers). She became a painter and a quilter whose works are in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

On 4 August 2017 a crater on Mercury was named after her.

• 1995: "Sofonisba Anguissola: A Renaissance Woman" at the National Museum of Women in the Arts • 2019-2020: Anguissola, along with Lavinia Fontana, was the focus of a major exhibit entitled "A Tale of Two Women Painters" at the Museo del Prado, Madrid. • 2022: "Sofonisba – History's forgotten miracle" in the Nivaagaard Malerisamling • 2023: "Sofonisba Anguissola" in Rijksmuseum Twenthe • 2023-2024: Anguissola is featured in the exhibit "Making Her Mark: A History of Women Artists in Europe, 1400-1800"

• a novel on Sofonisba Anguissola's life * * * *

Her recorded language was Italian. She was the child of Amilcare Anguissola and Bianca Ponzoni Anguissola. She married Fabrizio Moncada and Orazio Lomellino. Other recorded relations include Ferrante Gonzaga.

Works recorded as notable number 4: Miniature Self Portrait (Anguissola, Boston), Portrait Group with the Artist’s Father, Brother and Sister, Portrait of the Artist's Sisters Playing Chess and Portrait of a Boy at the Spanish Court. Her recorded genres are portrait, history, genre and religious.