Richard Pipes

At Harvard University, Pipes taught large courses on Imperial Russia as well as the Russian Revolution and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs. In 1976, he headed Team B, a team of analysts organized by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which analyzed the strategic capacities and goals of the Soviet military and political leadership. Pipes is the father of American historian Daniel Pipes.

Richard Pipes studied at Cornell University and Harvard University. Peter Kenez, Edward L. Keenan and Fiona Hill are recorded as having studied under Richard Pipes. The recorded working language is English. The field of work recorded is history. Employment is recorded with Harvard University. Distinctions recorded are National Humanities Medal, Guggenheim Fellowship, George Louis Beer Prize and Commander of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.

• Native Name — Ryszard Pipes • Birth Name — Richard Edgar Pipes • Born — 11 July 1923 • Birthplace — Cieszyn, Poland • Died — 17 May 2018 • Place of death — Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. • Citizenship — Poland (1923–1943) United States (after 1943) • Sub Discipline — Russian history • Doctoral Advisor — Michael Karpovich • Doctoral Students — John V. A. Fine, Anna Geifman, Abbott Gleason, Edward L. Keenan, Peter Kenez, Eric Lohr, Michael Stanislawski, Richard Stites, Lee In-ho • Occupation — Historian • Awards — National Humanities Medal • Children — 2, including Daniel • Education — * Muskingum College • Cornell University • Harvard University

Richard Pipes was born in Cieszyn, Poland to an assimilated Jewish family (whose name had originally been spelled "Piepes" in German spelling, which in pronunciation is the same as the Polish spelling "Pipes" His father Marek Pipes was a businessman and a Polish legionnaire during World War I. He was a co-owner of the chocolate factory Dea in Cieszyn, before he moved to Warsaw in 1929. During the time Pipes attended the Synagoga Ahawat Tora on Michejda Street. By Pipes's own account, during his childhood and youth, he never thought about the Soviet Union; the major cultural influences on him were Polish and German. Aged sixteen, Pipes saw Adolf Hitler at Marszałkowska Street in Warsaw during Hitler's victory tour after the Invasion of Poland. The Pipes family fled occupied Poland in October 1939 and arrived in the United States in July 1940, after seven months passing through Italy. Pipes became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943 while serving in the United States Army Air Corps. He was educated at Muskingum College, Cornell University, and Harvard University. In October 1944, Pipes was sent to Camp Ritchie, Maryland, to receive training in psychological warfare.

Pipes taught at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1996. He was the director of Harvard's Russian Research Center from 1968 to 1973 and later Baird Professor Emeritus of History at Harvard University. In 1962 he delivered a series of lectures on Russian intellectual history at Leningrad State University. He acted as senior consultant at the Stanford Research Institute from 1973 to 1978. During the 1970s, he was an advisor to Washington Senator Henry M. Jackson. In 1981 and 1982 he served as a member of the National Security Council, holding the post of Director of East European and Soviet Affairs under President Ronald Reagan. He also became head of the Nationalities Working Group. Pipes was a member of the Committee on the Present Danger from 1977 until 1992 and belonged to the Council of Foreign Relations. He also attended two Bilderberg Meetings, at both of which he lectured. In the 1970s, Pipes was a leading critic of détente, which he described as "inspired by intellectual indolence and based on ignorance of one's antagonist and therefore inherently inept".

Pipes was head of the 1976 Team B, composed of civilian experts and retired military officers and agreed to by then-CIA director George H. W. Bush at the urging of the president's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) as a competitive analysis exercise. Team B was created at the instigation of then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld as an antagonist force to a group of CIA intelligence officials known as Team A. His hope was that it would produce a much more aggressive assessment of Soviet Union military capabilities. Unsurprisingly, it argued that the National Intelligence Estimate on the Soviet Union, generated yearly by the CIA, underestimated both Soviet military strategy and ambition and misinterpreted Soviet strategic intentions. Team B faced criticism. The international relations journalist Fred Kaplan writes that Team B "turns out to have been wrong on nearly every point." Pipes's group insisted that the Soviet Union, as of 1976, maintained "a large and expanding Gross National Product," and argued that the CIA belief that economic chaos hindered the USSR's defenses was a ruse on the part of the USSR. One CIA employee called Team B "a kangaroo court". Pipes called Team B's evidence "soft." Team B came to the conclusion that the Soviets had developed several new weapons, featuring a nuclear-armed submarine fleet that used a system that did not depend on active sonar, and was thus undetectable by existing technology. According to Pipes, "Team B was appointed to look at the evidence and to see if we could conclude that the actual Soviet strategy is different from ours, i.e. the strategy of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD). It has now been demonstrated totally that it was". In 1986, Pipes maintained that Team B contributed to creating more realistic defense estimates. In what was meant to be an "off-the-record" interview, Pipes told Reuters in March 1981 that "Soviet leaders would have to choose between peacefully changing their Communist system in the direction followed by the West or going to war. There is no other alternative and it could go either wayDétente is dead." Pipes also stated in the interview that Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher of West Germany was susceptible to pressure from the Russians. It was learned independently that Pipes was the official who spoke to Reuters. This potentially jeopardized Pipes' job. The White House and the "incensed" State Department issued statements repudiating Pipes' comments.

Pipes wrote many books on Russian history, including Russia under the Old Regime (1974), The Russian Revolution (1990), and Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime (1994), and was a frequent interviewee in the press on the matters of Soviet history and foreign affairs. His writings also appear in Commentary, The New York Times, and The Times Literary Supplement. At Harvard, he taught large courses on Imperial Russia as well as the Russian Revolution and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs. Pipes is known for arguing that the origins of the Soviet Union can be traced to the separate path taken by 15th-century Muscovy, in a Russian version of the Sonderweg thesis. In Pipes' opinion, Muscovy differed from every other State in Europe in that it had no concept of private property, and that everything was regarded as the property of the Grand Duke/Tsar. In Pipes' view, this separate path undertaken by Russia (possibly under Mongol influence) ensured that Russia would be an autocratic state with values fundamentally dissimilar from those of Western civilization. Pipes argued that this "patrimonialism" of Imperial Russia started to break down when Russian leaders attempted to modernize in the 19th century, without seeking to change the basic "patrimonial" structure of Russian society. In Pipes's opinion, this separate course undertaken by Russia over the centuries made Russia uniquely open to revolution in 1917. Pipes strongly criticized the values of the radical intelligentsia of late Imperial Russia for what he sees as their fanaticism and inability to accept reality. Pipes stressed that the Soviet Union was an expansionist, totalitarian state bent on world conquest. He is also known for the thesis that, contrary to many traditional histories of the Soviet Union at the time, the October Revolution was, rather than a popular general uprising, a coup under false slogans foisted upon the majority of the Russians by a tiny segment of the population driven by a select group of radical intellectuals, who subsequently established a one-party dictatorship that was intolerant and repressive from the start. In 1992, Pipes served as an expert witness in the Constitutional Court of Russia's trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Pipes married Irene Eugenia Roth in 1946; the couple had two children, Daniel and Steven. Their son Daniel Pipes is a scholar of Middle Eastern affairs. Pipes died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 17, 2018, at the age of 94.

Author • The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923 (1954) • Social Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, 1885–1897 (1963) • Struve, Liberal on the Left (1970) • Europe Since 1815 (1970) • Europe Since 1500 (1971) With J.H. Hexter and A. Molho • Russia Under the Old Regime (1974) • Soviet Strategy in Europe (1976) • Struve, Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944 (1980) • U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente: a Tragedy of Errors (1981) • Survival is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future (1984) • Russia Observed: Collected Essays on Russian and Soviet History (1989) • The Russian Revolution (1990) (Audiobook) • Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime: 1919–1924 (1993) • Communism, the Vanished Specter (1994) • A Concise History of the Russian Revolution (1995) • The Three "Whys" of the Russian Revolution (1995) • Property and Freedom (1999) • Communism: A History (2001) (Audiobook) • Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger (2003) • The Degaev Affair: Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia (2003) • Russian Conservatism and Its Critics (2006) • Scattered Thoughts (2010) • Russia's Itinerant Painters (2011) • Uvarov: A Life (2013) (In Russian) • Alexander Yakovlev: The Man Whose Ideas Delivered Russia from Communism (2015) Editor • The Russian Intelligentsia (1961) • Revolutionary Russia (1968) • The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive (1996) Contributor • "The National Problem in Russia." In: Readings in Russian Civilization (1969) • "The Communist System." In: The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse (1995) Essays • "The Russian Military Colonies, 1810–1831." The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 22, No. 3, September 1950, pp. 205–219.. • "The First Experiment in Soviet National Policy: The Bashkir Republic, 1917–1920." The Russian Review, Vol. 9, No. 4, October 1950, pp. 303–319... • "The Trial of Vera Z." Russian History, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2010, pp. v, vii–x, 1–3, 5–31, 33–49, 51–82..

• War and Peace in the Nuclear Age (documentary mini-series). Episode 12: “Reagan Reagan’s Shield”. WGBH, 1989. • History’s Mysteries (documentary series). “Killer Submarine”. History Channel, 2001. • Beyond the Movie – The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King. National Geographic, 2003. • The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of the Politics of Fear (documentary mini-series). Episode 1: “Baby It’s Cold Outside”. Written and directed by Adam Curtis. 2004.