Praxilla

The surviving fragments attributed to her come from both religious choral lyric and drinking songs (skolia); the three paraphrases are all versions of myths. Various social contexts have been suggested for Praxilla based on this range of surviving works. These include that Praxilla was a hetaira (courtesan), or that she was a professional musician. Alternatively, the apparent implausibility of a respectable Greek woman writing drinking songs has been explained by suggesting that her poetry was in fact composed by two different authors, or that the drinking songs derive from a non-elite literary tradition rather than being authored by a single writer. Apparently well-known in antiquity: she was sculpted in bronze by Lysippus and parodied by Aristophanes. In the modern world, she has been referenced in artworks by Cy Twombly and Judy Chicago, and one of her poems was adapted by the Irish poet Michael Longley.

Praxilla was from Sicyon on the Gulf of Corinth. In the fourth century AD, the historian Eusebius dated her floruit to 451/450 BC (the second year of the 82nd Olympiad). No ancient sources give details about Praxilla's life.

Little of Praxilla's work survives – five fragments in her own words, and three paraphrases by other authors. The longest surviving fragment is three lines. These vary in style: two are skolia (drinking songs), one is in the metre named the Praxilleion after her, one is a hymn to Adonis, and one is a dithyramb. The three works known only in paraphrase are all versions of myths. In the second century AD, Athenaeus reports that Praxilla was particularly known for her skolia. The small amount of Praxilla's work which survives makes it hard for modern critics to judge.

• Illustration — A fifth-century vase depicting Adonis with Aphrodite and Eros The most beautiful thing I leave behind is the sun's light; second, the shining stars and the moon's face; also ripe cucumbers and apples and pears. Three lines of Praxilla's hexameter hymn to Adonis are quoted by Zenobius. In them, Adonis is asked in the underworld what he will most miss from the mortal world. He replies that he will miss the sun, stars, and moon, cucumbers, apples, and pears. Zenobius, a collector of proverbs, quotes the lines to explain the phrase "sillier than Praxilla's Adonis", saying that "anyone who lists cucumbers and the rest alongside sun and moon can only be regarded as feeble-minded". Maria Panagiotopoulou argues that both the structure of these lines and Praxilla's use of the word kalliston allude to Sappho 16. The reference to cucumbers, apples, and pears may allude to the vegetables used in the Adonia, a festival commemorating the death of Adonis, and the poem may have been performed there. Alternatively as all three vegetables had sexual connotations in ancient Greek literature it may have been performed at symposia.

You who look so beautifully in through the window, with a virgin's head but a married woman's body beneath... Praxilla was believed to have invented a metre called the Praxilleion, which according to the Byzantine grammarian Trichas she used frequently. A couplet quoted by Hephaestion to illustrate the metre is attributed to her on that basis. This fragment is usually thought to have been from a skolion, and commonly interpreted as being about a prostitute or hetaira. More recently, Vanessa Cazzato has argued that it is in fact a wedding song.

Two of the skolia quoted by Athenaeus, who associates Praxilla with this genre, are attributed to her by other sources. Because respectable women in classical Greece would normally have been excluded from the parties where such songs were performed, there has been some scholarly debate about her social position. Martin Litchfield West suggests that there were two Praxillas, one writing the skolia; the other, the more "respectable" choral songs and hymns. Other scholars have argued that, based on the attribution of skolia to Praxilla, she must have been a hetaira, though Jane McIntosh Snyder notes that there is no external evidence for this thesis. Ian Plant suggests the alternative hypothesis that she was a professional musician, composing songs for symposia because there was a market for such works. Alternatively, West suggests that the skolia were not written by Praxilla at all. Gregory Jones agrees, and argues that all of the surviving skolia attributed to particular poets are in fact derived from a non-elite oral literary tradition. Marchinus Van der Valk, who also endorses this theory, allows for the possibility that some skolia were "derived from" Praxilla's poetry and published in antiquity attributed to her.

but they never persuaded the heart in your breast. A single line of a dithyramb titled "Achilles" is quoted by Hephaestion to illustrate an unusual metrical feature, the synizesis of the two vowels in τεὸν. The surviving text of this poem seems to refer to Achilles' anger at Agamemnon which leads to the events of Homer's Iliad.