Mechtilde Lichnowsky

• Name — Mechtilde • Title — Princess Lichnowsky • Birth Name — Countess Mechtilde Christiane Marie von und zu Arco-Zinneberg • Born — 8 March 1879 • Birthplace — Schönburg Palace, Pocking, Bavaria, German Empire • Died — 4 June 1958 • Place of death — London, England • Burial Place — Brookwood, Surrey, England • Issue — * Wilhelm, Prince Lichnowsky • Countess Leonor • Count Michael • House — * Arco-Zinneberg (by birth) • Lichnowsky (by marriage) • Father — Count Maximilian von und zu Arco-Zinneberg • Mother — Baroness Olga von Werther • Occupation — Writer • Religion — Roman Catholic

Countess Mechtilde Christiane Marie von und zu Arco-Zinneberg was born on 8 March 1879 at Schönburg Palace near Pocking, in the Kingdom of Bavaria in the German Empire. She was the daughter of Count Maximilian von und zu Arco-Zinneberg and his wife, Baroness Olga von Werther. Through the Arco-Zinneberg family she was a great-great-great-granddaughter of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa. Lichnowsky was educated at the Sacré-Cœur convent school at Riedenburg in Vorarlberg. She was raised in an aristocratic Catholic family and became interested in literature and the arts at an early age. She had several siblings. Her sisters included Helene, who married the sculptor Count Hans Albrecht von Harrach in 1899, and Anna, who married Count Rudolf von Marogna-Redwitz, a German Army officer who later became involved in the German resistance to Nazism. Marogna-Redwitz participated in the 20 July plot against Adolf Hitler in 1944 and was executed at Plötzensee Prison on 12 October 1944. In 1899 Lichnowsky became engaged to Ralph Harding Peto, then military attaché at the British diplomatic mission in Munich. The engagement was subsequently broken off because of family opposition.

In 1904 she married Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky, a German diplomat, landowner and head of the House of Lichnowsky. He had succeeded to the princely title in 1901 and later entered the diplomatic service. The couple lived in diplomatic and aristocratic circles and maintained contacts with writers and artists. Karl Max Lichnowsky was appointed German ambassador to the Court of St James's in 1912. Mechtilde accompanied him to London, where she encountered British and European literary and artistic circles. Karl Max Lichnowsky's ambassadorship ended with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. His subsequent memorandum, written after the war, became a notable criticism of German foreign policy in the period immediately preceding the conflict. He died in 1928.

• Illustration — Princess Lichnowsky in 1921 Lichnowsky began publishing her literary work in the years before the First World War. Her first book, Götter, Könige und Tiere in Ägypten, was published in 1913. Her early works included Ein Spiel vom Tod (1915), Gott betet (1918), Der Kinderfreund (1919) and Geburt. Liebe, Wahnsinn, Einzelhaft (1921). Her writing included novels, prose works, dialogues and dramatic works, and was marked by an interest in language, social conventions and the relationship between individuals and their surroundings. In 1924 she published Der Kampf mit dem Fachmann, a work concerned with the authority claimed by experts and with the use and misuse of language. The book became one of her best-known works and anticipated her later preoccupation with linguistic criticism. Other works published during the 1920s and 1930s included Halb & Halb (1927), Das Rendezvous im Zoo (1928), An der Leine (1930), Kindheit (1934), Delaïde (1935), Das rosa Haus (1936) and Der Lauf der Asdur (1936). The German literary scholar Holger Fliessbach characterised Lichnowsky's work as unusually independent in style and emphasised her concern with language and literary form.

Lichnowsky was acquainted with a number of prominent writers and artists of her period. Among them were Karl Kraus and Rainer Maria Rilke. She was particularly close to Kraus, the Austrian writer and founder of the journal Die Fackel. Their correspondence extended over several decades. A collection of their letters and related documents, Mechtilde Lichnowsky und Karl Kraus: Verehrte Fürstin! Briefe und Dokumente. 1916–1958, was published in 2005, edited by Friedrich Pfäfflin, Eva Dambacher and others. Lichnowsky also moved in the artistic circles associated with literary modernism. The painter Oskar Kokoschka painted her portrait in 1915.

After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933, Lichnowsky's literary activities became increasingly restricted. In 1936 she refused to join the Reich Chamber of Literature, an institution through which the National Socialist government sought to regulate literary production and the publishing profession. Her refusal resulted in a prohibition on publishing. According to the Neue Deutsche Biographie, she subsequently refrained from publishing in solidarity with her publisher Samuel Fischer, whose publishing house had also come under pressure from the regime. In 1937 she married Ralph Harding Peto, her former fiancé. She subsequently used the name Mechtilde Peto. Peto was a grandson of the British builder and politician Sir Samuel Morton Peto, 1st Baronet. Although married to a British citizen, Lichnowsky was unable to leave Germany immediately after the outbreak of the Second World War. She remained in Germany during the war years.

Following the end of the Second World War and the expulsion of Germans from her husband's estates in Silesia, Lichnowsky eventually moved to London in 1946. She resumed literary activity after the war. Among her later works were Gespräche in Sybaris. Tragödie einer Stadt in 21 Dialogen (1946), Worte über Wörter (1949), Zum Schauen bestellt (1953) and Heute und Vorgestern (1958). Worte über Wörter brought together many of her reflections on language and became a major expression of her interest in linguistic criticism. Her later writing continued to combine literary experimentation with reflections on language, society and culture. Lichnowsky died in London on 4 June 1958, aged 79. She was buried at Brookwood in Surrey.

• Royal Name — Mechtilde, Princess Lichnowsky • Dipstyle — Her Serene Highness • Offstyle — Your Serene Highness

• 1879 – 1904: Her Illustrious Highness Countess Mechtilde von und zu Arco-Zinneberg • 1904 – 1937: Her Serene Highness The Princess Lichnowsky (also: Mechilde, Princess Lichnowsky) • 1928 – 1937: Her Serene Highness The Dowager Princess Lichnowsky (also: Mechtilde, (Dowager) Princess Lichnowsky) • 1937 – 1958: Mrs Ralph Harding Peto, commonly known as Mechtilde Lichnowsky (also: Mechtilde, (Dowager) Princess Lichnowsky) On her marriage to Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky in 1904, Mechtilde became Princess Lichnowsky, Countess Lichnowsky, Countess von Werdenberg, and Edle Frau von Woschtitz. From the time of her first marriage, she used the name Mechtilde Lichnowsky in publications of her work.

• Pfäfflin, Friedrich; Dambacher, Eva, eds. Mechtilde Lichnowsky und Karl Kraus: Verehrte Fürstin! Briefe und Dokumente. 1916–1958. [Mechtilde Lichnowsky and Karl Kraus: Venerable Princess! Letters and documents. 1916-1958.] Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2005.