MAS-36 rifle

Only 250,000 MAS-36 rifles were available to equip the French infantry during the Battle of France in 1940. Mass production finally caught up after World War II and MAS-36 rifles became widely used in service during the First Indochina War, the Algerian War, and the Suez Crisis. Altogether, about 1.1 million MAS-36 rifles had been manufactured when production ceased in 1952.

• Name — MAS-36 • Origin — France • Type — Bolt-action rifle • Is Ranged — yes • Service — 1936–1967 (France) 1936–Present • Used By — See Users • Wars — World War II First Indochina War Vietnam War Algerian War Suez Crisis Ifni War 1958 Lebanon Crisis Laotian Civil War Chadian Civil War Nigerian Civil War Portuguese Colonial War Cambodian Civil War Western Sahara War Lebanese Civil War Chadian–Libyan conflict Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995) Syrian Civil War Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present) • Design Date — 1927–1936 • Manufacturer — Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne • Production Date — 1937–1952 • Number — 1,100,000 • Weight — 3.72 kg unloaded • Length — 1020 mm • Part Length — 575 mm • Cartridge — 7.5×54mm French • Action — Bolt action • Velocity — 850 m/s • Range — 400 m with iron sights • Feed — 5-round internal box magazine, loaded with 5-round stripper clips • Sights — Iron sights

The MAS-36 was intended as an economical, simple bolt-action rifle to serve with rear-echelon, colonial and reserve troops and meant to share machining and pave the way for a new standard semi-automatic rifle before the next big conflict. The first French semi-automatic rifle evolved from the prototype MAS-38/39. A limited number of MAS-40 semi-automatic rifles entered trial service in March 1940. The Battle of France and following German occupation of France prevented large scale introduction of semi-automatic service rifles amongst French front line troops. During the 1950s the French military adopted the semi-automatic MAS-49 rifle as their standard service rifle. Though intended to replace the Lebel Model 1886 and Berthier rifles as well as Berthier carbines, budget constraints limited MAS-36 production and it was used with the former rifles in many French army and colonial units. During World War II, the MAS-36 was used alongside the Lebel 1886 and Berthiers during the Battle of France. After the Battle of France, the Germans took over a large number of MAS-36s, which were given the designation Gewehr 242(f) and put into service with their own garrison units based in occupied France and later the Volkssturm.

• Illustration — MAS 36/51 variant Post World War II produced rifles feature production simplifications like stamped nose caps with a hooded front sight element, stamped magazine floor plates, a stamped front sling attachment featuring a ring, a protective measure to prevent dirt ingress in the trigger area and a side-mounted cam track and button to dial and lock the selected firing range on the rear sight element. The hooded front sight element reduced glare under unfavorable light conditions and added extra protection for the post. The bolt of post World War II produced rifles can not be closed on an empty chamber, indicating the rifle needs to be reloaded. Later post war batches feature phosphating/Parkerizing introduced as a more effective metal surface treatment against rust. The "second model" is the most produced version with its derivative, the MAS-36/51.

• Illustration — In service with the French Police Mobile Gendarmerie during the fight for the Larzac in 1978. The MAS-36 was extensively used by French Army and colonial defense forces during France's postwar counter-insurgency operations in the First Indochina War and the Algerian War, as well as in the Suez Crisis. During the Suez Crisis, French paratroop marksmen of the 2ème RPC (Régiment de Parachutistes Coloniaux), employed telescope-sighted MAS-36 rifles to eliminate enemy snipers. The MAS-36 remained in service into the early 1960s as an infantry rifle, often serving with indigenous colonial units. It was officially a substitute-standard rifle after France adopted the semi-automatic MAS-49 rifle series in 1949, though its bolt design lives on in a dedicated sniper version of the rifle, the FR F1 (now chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO) and its successor the FR F2 sniper rifle. The Viet Cong had utilized a modified MAS-36 that used 7.62x39mm ammunition in earlier wars. Gabon and Côte d'Ivoire continued to use the MAS-36 post independence; In 1968 and 1969 they supplied Biafra with MAS-36 rifles during the Nigerian Civil War. Haiti presented Biafra with 300 rifles as a gift late in the conflict. After the Second World War, civilian hunting rifle versions were made by MAS and by the gunsmith Jean Fournier. These half-stocked rifles were chambered for the 7×54mm Fournier (common, 7.5x54mm necked down to 7mm), 7×57mm Mauser (very rare), 8×60mm S (less common), and 10.75×68mm (rare). Hunting rifles in the two latter calibers had integral muzzle brakes. Also imported into the United States were a few military surplus MAS-36 rifles, converted to 7.62×51mm NATO from 7.5×54mm. These rifles were modified to chamber the NATO round and also had an SKS type trigger safety fitted to them. In Comoros, the French had a decent amount of MAS-36 rifles in storage during WWII and the Post-war era. When Comoros became in independent nation in 1975, the rifles were given to the new Comoros Army. The MAS-36 was widely used during many of the coups and attempted coups that took place on the island nation from 1975 to 1989. After a reformation of the Comoros Army in 1990, the MAS-36 was replaced with newer firearms such as the AK-47. In 1941, Britain and Free France occupied Syria, bringing thousands of MAS-36 rifles with them. When French forces departed from Syria in 1946, the rifles were given to the Syrian Armed Forces in order to arm their own army and militias, as the Syrian government at the time was perceived as pro-western. The MAS-36 was widely used by Syrian forces in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Israeli victory and later, a coup in Syria led to Syria's loyalty shifting towards the Soviet Union instead of western countries. After purchasing large quantities of Soviet weapons in the 1950s and 1960s, the MAS-36 became obsolete with thousands of units being sent into government storage facilities. In 2011 during the Syrian Civil War, Syrian opposition forces captured thousands of the stored rifles. With nearly all of the rifles being still operational, the Free Syrian Army widely used the MAS-36 from 2011 to 2015. From 2015 onward, the Free Syrian Army decreased the use of the MAS-36 due to scarcity of the rifle's needed 7.5mm ammunition.

The French FR F1 and FR F2 sniper rifles utilize the same basic bolt design as the MAS-36 infantry rifle. The MAS-36 bolt action was however extensively modified and strengthened to reduce accuracy inhibiting flex in these sniper rifles.

• MAS-36 CR39 — An MAS 36 equipped with an underfolding hollow aluminum stock (Crosse Repliable) designed for use by airborne forces. The rifle sling retracted on a spool in the stock when folded. • MAS-36/48 LG — An MAS 36 equipped with a strengthened barrel and 50 mm rifle grenade launcher (Lance Grenade) used in the First Indochina War. • MAS-36/51 — An MAS 36 equipped with a strengthened barrel and 22 mm NATO standard rifle grenade launcher. • Fusil modèle FR-G2 — A highly modified MAS-36 rifle action equipped with a match barrel with harmonic compensator and telescopic sight for use by designated marksmen. It was used as a stopgap while the FR F1 rifles were being rebuilt into the FR F2.

• Illustration — Soldiers of the Polisario Front with a MAS-36 in 1980. • Illustration — Polish soldiers with MAS 36 rifles, France, 1940. • Algeria • Benin • Biafra • Burkina Faso • Cambodia • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Central African Armed Forces • Central African National Police • Séléka • Chad: governmental armies (Forces Armées Tchadiennes and Forces Armées Nationales Tchadiennes) and rebels of the GUNT and FROLINAT • Comoros • Congo-Brazzaville • Djibouti • France • Free French Forces and French Resistance • Vichy Regime • Post-war French Army • Gabon • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Haiti • Ivory Coast • Laos: Captured during First Indochina War and Vietnam War. • Kingdom of Laos: Received from French government during First Indochina War 1945–1954. • Lebanon • Madagascar • Mali: People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad • Mauritania • Monaco • Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince • Morocco: Royal Moroccan Armed Forces and Moroccan Army of Liberation • Nazi Germany: Designated Gewehr 242(f). Issued to occupation units in France and to Volkssturm units. • Niger •: Used by the some units of the Polish Army in France in 1940 • Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Polisario Front) • Senegal • Syria • Togo • Vietnam • South Vietnam

• ISIL: Used by ISIL insurgents in 2019