Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand
The Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand is an oil painting by Albrecht Dürer, dating to 1508 and now at the Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna, Austria. It is signed on a cartouche which hangs from the artist's self-portrait in the center, saying Iste faciebat Ano Domini 1508 Albertus Dürer Aleman.
Also recorded as Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand Christians
Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand

Albrecht Dürer · KHM · Public domain
- Period
- 1508
- Related practice
- oil paint · transferred on canvas · panel
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Documentary summary
The Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand is an oil painting by Albrecht Dürer, dating to 1508 and now at the Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna, Austria. It is signed on a cartouche which hangs from the artist's self-portrait in the center, saying Iste faciebat Ano Domini 1508 Albertus Dürer Aleman.
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getty · 500000031 · wikidata · Q664038 · wikipedia · Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand
In this article
Overview
Overview
It is recorded as the work of Albrecht Dürer. Materials recorded for it are oil paint, transferred on canvas and panel. The record gives 1508 as its date of establishment or first appearance. It is associated with German Renaissance. Recorded genres are religious art. It is recorded in the collection of Kunsthistorisches Museum and Castle Church, Wittenberg.
Key facts
Key facts
• Title — Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand • Artist — Albrecht Dürer • Year — 1508 • Type — Oil on panel transferred to canvas • Height Metric — 99 • Width Metric — 87 • Metric Unit — cm • Imperial Unit — in • Museum — Kunsthistorisches Museum • City — Vienna
History
History
The painting was commissioned by Frederick III, Elector of Saxony for the All Saints' Church, Wittenberg. Frederick had been Dürer's patron since 1496. He himself chose the subject, as his collection of relics included some of the Ten thousand martyrs. • Illustration — The similar 1496 woodcut. Dürer had used the same subject for a woodcut of some ten years before, but in the new work he eliminated some macabre details such as the torture of the bishop Acacius, having his eyes stripped through a drill. This scene was replaced by a crucifixion on the right and by the presence of the bishop in chains behind it. • Illustration — Detail of the forest. The work was repeatedly mentioned in the correspondence between the artist and Jakob Heller of Frankfurt. Dürer received 280 florins for it.
Identity
Identity
Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand is recorded as made of oil paint, transferred on canvas and panel. Recorded from 1508.
Chronology
Dated record
Chronology
The full dated record · 2 entries
1508
Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand first recorded.
1508
Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand is recorded from 1508.
Description
The painting illustrates the legendary martyrdom of ten thousand Christian soldiers perpetrated on Mount Ararat by the King of Persia, Shapur II, by the order of the Roman emperor Hadrian or Antoninus Pius, or, according to other sources, Diocletian. Dürer painted numerous different martyrdom scenes within a forest with clearings and cliffs. In the foreground are crucifixions, decapitations, crushing with a hammer. The Persian King is portrayed as an Ottoman sultan, riding a horse on the right. The executioners also wear gaudy Ottoman dress. In the background are prisoners walking through to a cliff from where they are thrown down against rocks and thorny bushes, as well as scenes of fighting, stoning and hitting with huge clubs. At the center of the crowded scene, dressed in black, are two characters who walk placidly, apparently unaware of the horrors around them: one is Dürer's self-portrait (holding his signature), the other his friend and humanist Conrad Celtes, who had died a few months before the execution of the painting.
Primary material
Documents and archives
reference work
- Wikidata, structured authority record Q664038: Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand
Reputable secondary · Wikidata
- “Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand”, English Wikipedia, consulted as further reading
Reputable secondary · Wikipedia
authority file
- Getty Union List of Artist Names 500000031, Master of the Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand.
General reference · The Getty Research Institute
Notes from the source article
Cited by Wikipedia
Notes from the source article
These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
- 1.Marter der Zehntausend Christen von Ruprecht nach Dürer auf der Webseite des Kunsthistorischen Museums Wien.
- 2.Elisabeth Roth. Der volkreiche Kalvarienberg in Literatur und Bildkunst des Spätmittelalters. 1967. 0554-0674.
- 3.Anja Grebe. Albrecht Dürer: Künstler, Werk und Zeit. 2006. 978-3-534-18788-1.
- 4.Heike Schlie. "Überzeugen" im Kontext religiösen Wissens - Testimonial. Vernetzungen im Wittenberger Heiltumsbuch von Lucas Cranach und in Dürers Marter der Zehntausend. 2017. 978-3-7705-5732-5.
- 5.Joachim von Sandrart. Teutsche Academie der Bau-, Bild- und Mahlerey-Künste, Nürnberg 1675–1680, wissenschaftlich kommentierte Online-Edition, Bd. 1, 1675, II, Buch 3, S. 224.
- 6.Albert Gümbel: Der kursächsische Kämmerer Degenhart von Pfeffingen, der Begleiter Dürers auf der "Marter der zehntausend Christen" (= Studien zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte 238). Heitz, Straßburg 1926.
- 7.Waetzoldt, Wilhelm. Dürer und seine Zeit. 1936.
- 8.Erwin Panofsky. Conrad Celtes and Kunz von der Rosen: Two Problems in Portrait Identification. 1942-03. 0004-3079.
- 9.Friderike Klauner. Gedanken zu Dürers Allerheiligenbildern. 1979.
- 10.Christina Posselt. Kommentar. Joachim von Sandrart: Teutsche Academie der Bau-, Bild- und Mahlerey-Künste, Nürnberg 1675–1680, wissenschaftlich kommentierte Online-Edition. 2009-07-01.
- 11.Dieter Wuttke. Dürer und Celtis Von der Bedeutung des Jahres 1500 für den deutschen Humanismus. 1981-12-31.
- 12.Jeffrey Chipps Smith. Dürer im Dienst des Kaisers und der Fürsten. 2013. 978-3-7913-5318-0.
- 13.Birgit Ulrike Münch. Danteske Landschaften als visionärer Ort des Glaubenskriegs: Bellini, Carpaccio, Mantegna und Dürers „Marter der zehntausend Christen“. 2014. 978-3-95490-018-3.
- 14.Christoph Stöcker. Dürer, Celtis und der falsche Bischof Achatius. Zur Ikonographie von Dürers „Marter der Zehntausend“. 1984.
- 15.Dieter Koepplin, Tilman Falk. Lukas Cranach. Gemälde, Zeichnungen, Druckgraphik. 1974.
- 16.Jan Paul Niederkorn. Kaiser Rudolf II., ein krimineller Botschafter und Dürers Marter der zehntausend Christen. 2008.
- 17.Carel van Mander. Das Leben der niederländischen und deutschen Maler: 10000. 1906. 10.11588/DIGLIT.7515.
- 18.Joachim von Sandrart. . Zweyter Theil, Von der alt- und neu-berühmten Egyptischen, Griechischen, Römischen, Italiänischen, Hoch- und Nied. 1675. 10.11588/DIGLIT.1282.
- 19.Heinrich Wölfflin. Die Kunst Albrecht Dürers. 1905. 10.11588/diglit.27918.
- 20.Legende der Zehntausend Märtyrer. Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon.
- 21.Sabine Kimpel. Achatius (Acacius, Akakius, Agatus) und die 10000 Martyrer von Armenien. 1973. 3-451-22568-9.
- 22.Skrine, Peter. Dürer and the Temper of his Age. 1973. 0719005108.
- 23.Brigitte Roux. »Nel mezzo del cammin«: Dürer et Celtis, témoins du Martyre des dix mille chrétiens. 2014. 978-3-8467-5493-1.
- 24.Robert, Jörg. Konrad Celtis und das Projekt der deutschen Dichtung : Studien zur humanistischen Konstitution von Poetik, Philosophie, Nation und Ich. 2003. 978-3-11-094054-1.
References
Citations
References
Each reference names the institution holding it, so a reader may go to the document itself.
authority file
Getty Union List of Artist Names 500000031, Master of the Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand.The Getty Research Institute
Secondary witnessreference work
Secondary witnessreference work
Secondary witness
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