Lillian Gish

In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Gish as the 17th-greatest female movie star of classical Hollywood cinema. Having acted on stage with her sister as a child, Gish was a prominent film star from 1912 into the 1920s, being particularly associated with the films of director D. This included her leading role in the highest-grossing film of the silent era, Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915). Her other major films and performances from the silent era included Intolerance (1916), Broken Blossoms (1919), Way Down East (1920), Orphans of the Storm (1921), The White Sister (1923), La Bohème (1926), and The Wind (1928). At the dawn of the sound era, she returned to the stage and appeared in film occasionally, with roles in the Western Duel in the Sun (1946) and the thriller The Night of the Hunter (1955). She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Duel in the Sun. Gish also had major supporting roles in Portrait of Jennie (1948), A Wedding (1978), and Sweet Liberty (1986). She also did considerable television work from the early 1950s into the 1980s, and retired after playing opposite Bette Davis and Vincent Price in the 1987 film The Whales of August. During her later years, Gish became a dedicated advocate for the appreciation and preservation of silent film. Despite being better known for her film work, she also performed on stage, and was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1972. In 1971, she was awarded an Academy Honorary Award for her career achievements. She was awarded a Kennedy Center Honor for her contribution to American culture through performing arts in 1982.

• Name — Lillian Gish • Birth Name — Lillian Diana Gish • Born — 14 October 1893 • Birthplace — Springfield, Ohio, U.S. • Died — 27 February 1993 • Place of death — New York City, New York, U.S. • Occupation — Actress • Years Active — 1902–1988 • Mother — Mary Robinson McConnell • Relatives — Dorothy Gish (sister) • Website — lilliangish.com

• Illustration — Dorothy and Lillian Gish with actress Helen Ray, their leading lady in Her First False Step (1903) Lillian Diana Gish was born on October 14, 1893, in Springfield, Ohio, the first child of actress Mary Robinson McConnell, and James Leigh Gish. Lillian had a younger sister, Dorothy, who also became a popular movie star. Her mother was a Scottish Episcopalian and her father was of German Lutheran descent. The first several generations of Gishes were Dunkard ministers. Gish's father was an alcoholic and left the family; her mother took up acting to support them. The family moved to East St. Louis, Illinois, where they lived for several years with Lillian's aunt and uncle, Henry and Rose McConnell. Their mother opened the Majestic Candy Kitchen, and the girls helped sell popcorn and candy to patrons of the old Majestic Theater, located next door. The girls attended St. Henry's School, where they acted in school plays. In 1910, the girls were living with their aunt Emily in Massillon, Ohio, when they were notified that their father, James, was gravely ill in Oklahoma. The 17-year-old Lillian traveled to Shawnee, Oklahoma, where James's brother Alfred Grant Gish and his wife, Maude, lived. Her father, who by then was institutionalized in the Oklahoma Hospital for the Insane in Norman, was able to travel the 35 miles to Shawnee and the two got reacquainted. She stayed with her aunt and uncle, and attended Shawnee High School there. Her father died in Norman, Oklahoma, in 1912, but she had returned to Ohio a few months before this. When the theater next to the candy store burned down, the family moved to New York, where the girls helped their mother run a candy and popcorn stand at the Fort George amusement grounds. They became good friends with a next-door neighbor, Gladys Smith. Gladys was a child actress who did some work for director D. W. Griffith, and later took the stage name Mary Pickford. When Lillian and Dorothy were old enough, they joined the theater, often traveling separately in different productions. They also took modeling jobs, with Lillian posing for artist Victor Maurel in exchange for voice lessons. In 1912, their friend Mary Pickford introduced the sisters to Griffith and helped get them contracts with Biograph Studios. Lillian Gish soon became one of America's best-loved actresses; she was 19 years old at the time, but told casting directors she was 16.

Encouraged by her mother, Lillian Gish began performing when she was five years old. Along with her sister Dorothy, who was three at that time, they became part of a traveling troupe. She made her stage debut in 1902, at the Little Red School House in Risingsun, Ohio. During 1903 to 1904, she toured in Her First False Step, with her mother and Dorothy. In the following year, she danced with a Sarah Bernhardt production in New York City. She later told reporters she had never learned how to play; work was her life, at first due to the poverty she endured as a child, and later because work was what she knew best.

After 10 years of acting on the stage, she made her film debut opposite Dorothy in Griffith's short film An Unseen Enemy (1912). At the time, established thespians considered "the flickers" a rather base form of entertainment, but she was assured of its merits. Gish continued to perform on the stage, and in 1913, during a run of A Good Little Devil, she collapsed from anemia. Lillian took suffering for her art to the extreme in her film career. One of the enduring images of Gish's silent film years is the climax of the melodramatic Way Down East, in which Gish's character floats unconscious on an ice floe toward a raging waterfall, her long hair and hand trailing in the water. Her performance in these frigid conditions gave her lasting nerve damage in several fingers. Similarly, when preparing for her death scene in La Bohème, Gish reportedly did not eat and drink for three days beforehand, causing the director to fear he would be filming the death of his star, as well as of the character. Lillian starred in many of Griffith's most acclaimed films, including The Birth of a Nation (1915), Intolerance (1916), Broken Blossoms (1919), Way Down East (1920), and Orphans of the Storm (1921). He utilized her expressive talents to the fullest, developing her into a suffering yet strong heroine. Having appeared in more than 25 short films and features in her first two years as a movie actress, Lillian became a major star, becoming known as the "First Lady of the Screen" and appearing in lavish productions, frequently of literary works such as Way Down East. She directed her sister Dorothy in one film, Remodeling Her Husband (1920), when D. W. Griffith took his unit on location. He told Gish that he thought the crew would work harder for a girl. Gish never directed again, telling reporters at the time that directing was a man's job. The film is now thought to be lost.

Gish reluctantly ended her work with Griffith in 1925 to take an offer from the recently formed MGM, which gave her more creative control. MGM offered her a contract in 1926 for six films, for which she was offered $1 million (equivalent to $ million in). She turned down the money, requesting a more modest wage and a percentage, so the studio could use the funds to increase the quality of her films—hiring the best actors, screenwriters, etc. By the late silent era, Greta Garbo had surpassed her as MGM's leading lady, and Gish's contract with MGM ended in 1928. Three films with MGM gave her near-total creative control: La Bohème, The Scarlet Letter (both 1926), and The Wind (1928). The Wind, directed by Victor Sjöström, was Gish's favorite film of her MGM career. A commercial failure with the rise of talkies, it is now recognized as a classic of the silent period. Gish biographer Edward Wagenknecht wrote: Like Miss Gish herself, Sjöström was a great human being as well as a great artist; each instantly perceived kinship in the other and drew upon their own and each other's deepest resources, and they remained close friends to the end of Sjostrom's life.

• Illustration — Gish in Jed Harris's Broadway production of Uncle Vanya, 1930 Returning to movies, Gish was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1946 for Duel in the Sun. The scenes of her character's illness and death late in that film seemed intended to evoke the memory of some of her silent-film performances. She appeared in films from time to time for the rest of her life, notably in The Night of the Hunter (1955) as a rural guardian angel protecting her charges from a murderous preacher played by Robert Mitchum. She was considered for various roles in Gone with the Wind ranging from Ellen O'Hara, Scarlett's mother (which went to Barbara O'Neil), to prostitute Belle Watling (which went to Ona Munson). Gish starred in an episode of the popular CBS Radio series Suspense. The episode "Marry for Murder" was broadcast on September 9, 1943. In 1944, Gish starred in an episode of I Was There, broadcast on CBS. The episode dramatized the making of the film The Birth of a Nation. On May 31, 1951, she starred in an adaptation of Black Chiffon on Playhouse on Broadway. Gish's television debut occurred on February 6, 1949, when she portrayed Abby, a housemaid, in "The Late Christopher Bean", an episode of The Philco Television Playhouse on NBC. A review in the trade publication Variety described her work as "an excellent portrayal". She made numerous television appearances from the early 1950s into the late 1980s. Her most acclaimed television work was starring in the original production of The Trip to Bountiful in 1953, a play she also starred in on Broadway. She appeared as Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna in the short-lived 1965 Broadway musical Anya.

In addition to her later acting appearances, Gish became one of the leading advocates of the lost art of the silent film, often giving speeches and touring to screenings of classic works. In 1975, she hosted The Silent Years, a PBS film program of silent films. She was interviewed in the television documentary series Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film (1980). • Illustration — Gish at 80 years of age, 1973 Gish received a Special Academy Award in 1971 "for superlative artistry and for distinguished contribution to the progress of motion pictures". In 1979, she was awarded the Women in film Crystal Award in Los Angeles. In 1984, she received an American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award, becoming only the second female recipient (preceded by Bette Davis in 1977) and the only recipient who was a major figure in the silent era. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1720 Vine Street. Her last film role was appearing in The Whales of August in 1987 at the age of 94, with Vincent Price, Bette Davis, and Ann Sothern, in which Gish and Davis starred as elderly sisters in Maine. Gish's performance was received glowingly, winning her the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress. At the Cannes festival, Gish won a 10-minute standing ovation from the audience. Some in the entertainment industry were angry that Gish did not receive an Oscar nomination for her role in The Whales of August. Gish was philosophical, only remarking, "Well, now I won't have to go and lose to Cher". Her final professional appearance was a cameo on the 1988 studio recording of Jerome Kern's Show Boat, starring Frederica von Stade and Jerry Hadley, in which she spoke the few lines of The Old Lady on the Levee in the final scene. The last words of her long career were: "Good night".

The Gish Film Theatre and Gallery of Bowling Green State University's Department of Theatre and Film was named for Lillian and Dorothy Gish. Gish was in attendance at the dedication on June 11, 1976; she accepted the honor for herself and her sister, who had died several years earlier. The university awarded Gish the honorary degree of doctor of performing arts the next day. In 1982, the University accepted a collection of Gish films and photographs that had previously been displayed at the Museum of Modern Art. It solicited donations from Gish friends and associates to renovate the Gish Theatre and create an endowment in the 1990s. Following Gish's 1993 death, the university raised funds to enlarge its gallery to display memorabilia received from Gish's estate. In February 2019, the university's Black Student Union called for the renaming of the Gish Theatre due to Gish's involvement with the controversial The Birth of a Nation. In April 2019, a task force recommended removing the Gish name; the trustees unanimously voted to remove the name on May 3, 2019. Mike Kaplan, co-producer of The Whales of August (1987), Lillian Gish's final film, circulated a petition urging Bowling Green State University to restore the names of actresses Dorothy and Lillian Gish to the film theater. The protest was signed by over 50 film-industry figures, including actors Helen Mirren and James Earl Jones and directors Bertrand Tavernier and Martin Scorsese.

• Illustration — Lillian and her sister Dorothy, 1921 Gish never married nor had children. Her association with D. W. Griffith was so close that some suspected a romantic connection. Although several of their associates were certain they were at least briefly involved, Gish never acknowledged a romantic relationship with the director. For the remainder of her life, she always referred to him as "Mr. Griffith". Gish was involved with producer Charles Duell, and drama critic and editor George Jean Nathan. In the 1920s, Gish's association with Duell became something of a tabloid scandal, when Duell sued her, and made the details of their relationship public. Gish was a survivor of the 1918 flu pandemic, having contracted the illness during the filming of Broken Blossoms. Gish became a vegetarian in her childhood through influence of her aunt, and could not bear the thought of killing animals. Her vegetarianism became well known in 1925, as she was seen nibbling on a raw carrot in federal court. Newspaper photographs of her eating in court caused a carrot-eating fad across the United States. She later gave up vegetarianism, preferring to eat boiled eggs, fruit, meat, and vegetables. She maintained a close relationship with her sister Dorothy and with Mary Pickford for her entire life. Another of her closest friends was actress Helen Hayes, the "First Lady of the American Theatre". Gish was the godmother of Hayes's son James MacArthur, and designated Hayes (who survived her by just 18 days) as a beneficiary of her estate. Gish was a devout Episcopalian.

During the period of political turmoil in the US that lasted from the outbreak of World War II in Europe until the attack on Pearl Harbor, she maintained an outspoken noninterventionist stance. She was an active member of the America First Committee, an anti-intervention organization founded by a group of law students led by R. Douglas Stuart Jr., with aviation pioneer Charles Lindbergh as its leading spokesman. She said she was blacklisted by the film and theater industries until she signed a contract in which she promised to cease her anti-interventionist activities and never disclose the fact that she had agreed to do so. Gish was a staunch Republican, and was friendly with Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife, Mamie. She supported Richard Nixon in his failed 1960 presidential run, and was also friends with Ronald Reagan. During Reagan's presidency, Gish wrote in a letter to Nancy Reagan, "Every time you and Ronnie open your mouths you echo my thoughts."

Gish died of heart failure on February 27, 1993, at the age of 99. She was cremated and her ashes were interred beside those of her sister Dorothy at Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City. Her estate was valued at several million dollars, the bulk of which went toward the creation of the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize Trust.

American rock band The Smashing Pumpkins named their 1991 debut album Gish after her. Singer Billy Corgan explained in an interview, "My grandmother used to tell me that one of the biggest things that ever happened was when Lillian Gish rode through town on a train, my grandmother lived in the middle of nowhere, so that was a big deal..." In season three, episode seven of Downton Abbey set in 1920, Alfred the footman invites Ivy the kitchen maid to a showing of Way Down East, which she accepts due to being a fan of Lillian Gish. "Lillian Gish" is Scottish rhyming slang for fish and urinating. An example of the latter occurs in the Scottish sitcom, Still Game, when Winston Ingram says, "I'm away for a Lillian Gish"meaning "I'm away for a pish" ("pish" being Scottish vernacular for piss). American rock band Fruit Bats referenced Gish in the song Eagles Below Us from their 2021 release The Pet Parade with the lyrics "I've never seen you so lovely, Lillian Gish, soft lit." In 2024, East West Players in Los Angeles produced Unbroken Blossoms, a play depicting the making of Broken Blossoms. Gish was portrayed by Alexandra Hellquist.

• Jeanne Moreau's 1983 television documentary Lillian Gish • Terry Sanders's 1988 documentary Lillian Gish: An Actor's Life for Me

Lillian Gish was recorded at birth as Lillian Diana Gish. The authorities additionally record the heading First Lady of American Cinema. Her recorded languages were English and American English. She was the child of James Leigh Gish and Mary Gish.

The American Film Institute named Gish 17th among the greatest female stars of classic American cinema. In 1955, she was awarded the George Eastman Award, for distinguished contribution to the art of film, at the George Eastman Museum's (then George Eastman House's) inaugural Festival of Film Artists. She was awarded an Academy Honorary Award in 1971, and in 1984 she received an AFI Life Achievement Award. Gish was also awarded Kennedy Center Honors in 1982. She was presented with the Daughters of the American Revolution's Medal of Honor by President General Patricia Walton Shelby. In 1979, she introduced The Wind at a screening at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles. She was a special guest at the Telluride Film Festival in 1983.

• Year — Organization — Category — Work — Result — Ref. • 1947 — Academy Awards — Best Supporting Actress — Duel in the Sun • 1960 — Hollywood Walk of Fame — Star - Motion Pictures • 1968 — Golden Globe Awards — Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture — The Comedians • 1971 — Academy Awards — Academy Honorary Award • 1979 — Theater Hall of Fame — Inducted • 1982 — Kennedy Center Honors • 1984 — American Film Institute Awards — AFI Life Achievement Award • 1987 — National Board of Review — Best Actress — The Whales of August • 1987 — Independent Spirit Awards — Best Female Lead • 1987 — D. W. Griffith Award — Lifetime Achievement