Kathmandu Valley

The Kathmandu Valley is the most developed and the largest urban agglomeration in Nepal with a population of about 5 million people. The urban agglomeration of Kathmandu Valley includes the cities of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Changunarayan, Budhanilkantha, Tarakeshwar, Gokarneshwar, Suryabinayak, Tokha, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, and others. The majority of offices and headquarters are located in the valley, making it the economic hub of Nepal. It is popular with tourists for its unique architecture, and rich culture which includes the highest number of jatras (festivals) in Nepal. Valley itself was referred to as "Nepal Proper" by British historians. In 2015, Kathmandu Valley was hit by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake. The earthquake caused thousands of deaths and the destruction of many infrastructure across the Kathmandu Valley, which included the towns of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Changunarayan, and Bhaktapur. Kathmandu is also the largest city in the Himalayan hill region.

• Name — Kathmandu Valley • Native Name — काठमाडाैँ उपत्यका • Other Name — Nepa Valley, नेपा: उपत्यका, 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐶𑐐𑑅 • Subdivision Type — Country • Subdivision Name — Nepal • Subdivision Type1 — Province • Subdivision Name1 — Bagmati Province • Subdivision Type2 — Districts • Subdivision Name2 — Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur • Illustration — The Durbar Square in Kathmandu

Historically, the valley and adjoining areas made up a confederation known as the Nepal Mandala. Until the 15th century, Bhaktapur was its capital, when two other capitals, Kathmandu and Lalitpur, were established. Until the 1960s, the Kathmandu Valley was known as the Nepala Valley or Nepa Valley. In 1961 the valley was listed as Kathmandu District, which began referring to the valley as Kathmandu Valley. The term Nepa Valley is still used among Newar people and local governments, while senior citizens still tend to refer to the valley as Nepal. The term Swaniga (Nepal Bhasa: 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐶𑐐𑑅, स्वनिगः) refers to the three cities of Yẽn (Nepal Bhasa: 𑐫𑐾𑑃, येँ), Yala (Nepal Bhasa: 𑐫𑐮, यल), and Khwapa (Nepal Bhasa: 𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐥, ख्वप) ie. Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur respectively. The Nepali name Kathmandu comes from the corruption of the word Kasthamandap (Sanskrit: काष्ठमण्डप, "wooden pavilion"), a structure in the Kathmandu Durbar Square. This unique temple is also known as the Maru Sattal (Nepal Bhasa: 𑐩𑐬𑐸𑐳𑐟, मरुसत), it was built in 1596 by King Lakshmi Narasimha Malla. The entire structure contains no iron nails or supports and is made entirely from wood. Legend has it that the timber used for this three-story pagoda was obtained from a single tree.

• Illustration — Pashupatinath Temple, dedicated to Pashupati

The Newars are the indigenous inhabitants and the creators of the historic civilization of the valley. Their language is known as Newar language, not to be confused with Nepali language. They are understood to be the descendants of the various ethnic and racial groups that have inhabited and ruled the valley in the two-millennium history of the place. Scholars have also described the Newars as a nation. Newari architecture consists of the pagoda, stupa, shikhara, chaitya and other styles. The valley's trademark is the multiple-roofed pagoda which may have originated in this area; a famous artisan who influenced stylistic developments in China and Tibet was Araniko, a Newar who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan in the 13th century AD.

• Illustration — Swayamhbu Stupa According to Swayambhu Purana, the Kathmandu Valley was once a lake deemed by scientists as Paleo Kathmandu Lake, inhabited by Nagas. Vipassī Buddha, who lived ninety-one kalpas (aeon) ago, came on a pilgrimage and sowed the seed of a lotus in the lake which grew into a lotus flower with thousand petals. The flower emitted eternal radiant form of light with the Five Great Buddhas: Vairocana, Akshobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitābha and Amoghasiddhi, appearing on each side of the differently coloured rays of the light. Following on the footsteps of Vipassī Buddha, Sikhī Buddha and Vessabhū Buddha came to pay homage to the lotus flower. Later on, Bodhisattva Manjushri came to the lake and pondered how to drain the lake so that people can traverse and pay homage to the radiant light. Out of his compassion, he drained the lake out of the valley by cutting a gorge at Kashapaal (now Chobhar) with his indestructible Khadga sword; and created other lakes like Taudaha to give shelter to the mythical serpents. Manjushri then established a city called Manjupatan which is believed to be the earliest settlement in the Kathmandu Valley. Swayambhu Stupa was erected on the hill where the self-arisen ray of light in a thousand-petaled lotus restested on after draining the lake. According to Gopal Banshawali, Krishna cut the gorge with his Sudarshana Chakra to let the water out. He then handed the drained valley to the Gopal Vansi people, who were nomadic cow herders.

• Illustration — Mountain view from Kathmandu Valley The Kathmandu Valley is a cultural and political hub of Nepal. It was accorded the status of a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the year 1979. In 2003, UNESCO listed several sites as being "endangered" out of concern for the ongoing loss of authenticity and the outstanding universal value of the cultural property. The endangered status was lifted in 2007. The following seven sites in the valley are World Heritage Sites: • Bhaktapur Durbar Square • Changu Narayan Temple • Boudhanath Stupa • Pashupatinath Temple • Kathmandu Durbar Square • Patan Durbar Square • Swayambhunath

• Illustration — Dese Maru Jhya, the only window of its kind in the country • Illustration — Kathmandu Durbar Square Notable areas include: • Bhaktapur District • Balkumari temple • Doleshwor Mahadeva Temple • Kailashnath Mahadev Statue • Pujarimath Museum • Suryavinayak Temple • Kathmandu District • Aakash Bhairav Temple • Ashok Binayak Temple • Aditnath Temple • Ajima Temple • Bagh Bhairab Temple • Bajrayogini Temple • Budhanilkantha Temple • Chandra Binayak Temple • Chandragiri Hill • Dakshinkali Temple • Dharahara • Garden of Dreams • Ghanta Ghar • Gokarneshwor Mahadev temple • Guhyeshwari Temple • Jal Binayak Temple • Kasthamandap • Kopan Monastery • Narayanhiti Palace • Ranipokhari • Ratna Park • Seto Machindranath • Shiva Parvati Temple • Taleju Temple • Taragaon Museum • Taudaha Lake • Thrangu Tashi Yangtse Monastery • Lalitpur District • Balkumari temple • Hiranya Varna Mahavihar Temple • Kumbheshwar temple complex • Mahabouddha Temple • Nagdaha lake • Rato Machchhindranath Temple

Kathmandu Valley has total population of 2,996,341.

• Name — Kathmandu (NCT) • Native Name — काठमाण्डौ (राष्ट्रिय राजधानी क्षेत्र) • Type — Proposed Territory • Subdivision Type — Country • Subdivision Name — Nepal • Subdivision Type1 — Capital Territory • Subdivision Name1 — Kathmandu • Area Total Km2 — 902.61 • Population As Of — 2021 • Population Total — 2,996,341 In 2015, the Government of Nepal proposed to develop Kathmandu valley as a separate national capital territory. Kathmandu Valley consists of three districts of Bagmati Province whose total population is 2,996,341 and total area is • District — Area — Population (2021) • Kathmandu District — 2,017,532 • Bhaktapur District — 430,408 • Lalitpur District — 548,401 • Kathmandu NCT || || 2,996,341

Cities population of Kathmandu Valley as per 2021 Nepal census. • Name — District — Population (2021) — Area (km 2) — Density (/km 2) • Kathmandu — Kathmandu District — 845,767 — 49.45 • Lalitpur — Lalitpur District — 299,843 — 36.12 • Budhanilkantha — Kathmandu District — 179,688 — 34.8 • Tarakeshwar — Kathmandu District — 151,508 — 54.95 • Gokarneshwar — Kathmandu District — 151,200 — 58.5 • Suryabinayak Municipality — Bhaktapur District — 137,971 — 42.45 • Chandragiri Municipality — Kathmandu District — 136,928 — 43.9 • Tokha — Kathmandu District — 135,741 — 17.11 • Kageshwari-Manohara — Kathmandu District — 133,327 — 27.38 • Madhyapur Thimi — Bhaktapur District — 119,955 — 11.47 • Mahalaxmi, Lalitapur — Lalitpur District — 118,710 — 26.51 • Nagarjun Municipality — Kathmandu District — 115,507 — 29.85 • Godawari, Lalitpur — Lalitpur District — 100,972 — 96.11 • Changunarayan — Bhaktapur District — 88,612 — 62.98 • Kirtipur — Kathmandu District — 81,782 — 14.76 • Bhaktapur — Bhaktapur District — 78,854 — 6.89 • Dakshinkali — Kathmandu District — 26,372 — 42.6 • Shankharapur — Kathmandu District — 29,316 — 60.21