Johann Strauss II

Among his operettas, Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron are the best known. Strauss was the son of Johann Strauss I and his first (and only wedded) wife, Maria Anna Streim. His two younger brothers, Josef and Eduard Strauss, also became composers of light music, although they were never as well known as their brother.

Training under Franz Amon and Joseph Drechsler is recorded. Johann Resch is recorded as having studied under Johann Strauss II. The recorded working language is German. The field of work recorded is music composing, opera and classical music. Subjects and genres recorded for the work are instrumental and operetta. Positions recorded include Imperial Court Ball Music Director. Works named in the authority record are The Gypsy Baron, Die Fledermaus and The Blue Danube. Distinctions recorded are Knight's Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph, Knight of the Legion of Honour, 4th class, Order of the Medjidie and Knight of the Order of the Lion and the Sun.

• Name — Johann Strauss II • Born — 25 October 1825 • Birthplace — Vienna, Austrian Empire • Died — 3 June 1899 • Place of death — Vienna, Austria-Hungary • Resting Place — Vienna Central Cemetery • Occupation — Composer • List Of Works — * List of compositions • List of operettas • Father — Johann Strauss I • Children — 1 (adopted) • Relatives — * Josef Strauss I (brother) • Eduard Strauss I (brother) • Johann Strauss III (nephew) • Eduard Strauss II (great-nephew) • Hedi Stadlen (great-niece) • Julius Epstein (adoptive grandson) • Sir Nicholas Stadlen (great-grandnephew)

• Illustration — His father, Johann Strauss I, in an etching from 1835 Strauss was born into a Catholic family in St Ulrich near Vienna (now a part of Neubau), Austria, on 25 October 1825, to the composer Johann Strauss I and his wife, M. Anna Streim. His paternal great-grandfather (of the same name) was a Hungarian Jew – a fact which the Nazis, who lionised Strauss's music as "so German", later tried to conceal. His father did not want him to become a musician but rather a banker. Nevertheless, Strauss Jr. studied the violin secretly as a child with the first violinist of his father's orchestra, Franz Amon. When his father discovered his son secretly practising on a violin one day, he gave him a severe whipping, saying that he was going to beat the music out of the boy. It seems that rather than trying to avoid a Strauss rivalry, the elder Strauss only wanted his son to escape the rigours of a musician's life. It was only when the father abandoned his family for a mistress, Emilie Trampusch, that the son was able to concentrate fully on a career as a composer with the support of his mother. Strauss II's three paternal half-siblings who survived to adulthood – who, having been born out of wedlock, took their mother's surname – were Clementina, Emilie II, and Johann Trampusch II. Strauss studied counterpoint and harmony with theorist Professor Joachim Hoffmann, who owned a private music school. His talents were also recognized by composer Joseph Drechsler, who taught him exercises in harmony. It was during that time that he composed his only sacred work, the gradual Tu qui regis totum orbem (1844). His other violin teacher, Anton Kollmann, who was the ballet répétiteur of the Vienna Court Opera, also wrote excellent testimonials for him. Armed with these, he approached the Viennese authorities to apply for a license to perform. He initially formed his small orchestra where he recruited his members at the Zur Stadt Belgrad tavern, where musicians seeking work could be hired easily.

• Illustration — Johann Strauss in his younger years Johann Strauss I's influence over the local entertainment establishments meant that many of them were wary of offering the younger Strauss a contract for fear of angering the father. Strauss Jr. was able to persuade Dommayer's Casino in Hietzing, a suburb of Vienna, to allow him to perform. The elder Strauss, in anger at his son's disobedience and at that of the proprietor, refused to ever play again at Dommayer's Casino, which had been the site of many of his earlier triumphs. Strauss made his debut at Dommayer's in October 1844, where he performed some of his first works, such as the waltzes "Sinngedichte", Op. 1 and "Gunstwerber", Op. 4 and the polka "Herzenslust", Op. 3. Critics and the press were unanimous in their praise of Strauss's music. A critic for Der Wanderer commented that "Strauss's name will be worthily continued in his son; children and children's children can look forward to the future, and three-quarter time will find a strong footing in him." • Illustration — Strauss at the beginning of his career Despite the initial fanfare, Strauss found his early years as a composer difficult, but he soon won over audiences after accepting commissions to perform away from home. The first major appointment for the young composer was his award of the honorary position of "Kapellmeister of the 2nd Vienna Citizen's Regiment", which had been left vacant following Joseph Lanner's death two years before. Vienna was wracked by the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, and the intense rivalry between father and son became much more apparent. The son decided to side with the revolutionaries. It was a decision that was professionally disadvantageous, as the Austrian royalty twice denied him the much coveted position of KK Hofballmusikdirektor, which was first designated especially for Johann I in recognition of his musical contributions. Further, the younger Strauss was also arrested by the Viennese authorities for publicly playing "La Marseillaise", but was later acquitted. The elder Strauss remained loyal to the monarchy and composed his "Radetzky March", Op. 228 (dedicated to the Habsburg field marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz), which would become one of his best-known compositions. When the elder Strauss died from scarlet fever in Vienna in 1849, the younger Strauss merged both their orchestras and engaged in further tours. Later, he also composed a number of patriotic marches dedicated to the Habsburg Emperor Franz Josef I, such as the "Kaiser Franz-Josef Marsch" Op. 67 and the "Kaiser Franz Josef Rettungs Jubel-Marsch" Op. 126, probably to ingratiate himself in the eyes of the new monarch, who had ascended the Austrian throne after the 1848 revolution.

Strauss Jr. eventually attained greater fame than his father and became one of the most popular waltz composers of the era, extensively touring Austria, Poland and Germany with his orchestra. He applied for the position of KK Hofballmusikdirektor (Music Director of the Royal Court Balls), which he finally attained in 1863, after being denied several times before for his frequent brushes with the local authorities. In 1853, due to constant mental and physical demands, Strauss suffered a nervous breakdown. He took a seven-week vacation in the countryside in the summer of that year on the advice of doctors. Johann's younger brother Josef was persuaded by his family to abandon his career as an engineer and take command of Johann's orchestra in the interim. In 1855, Strauss accepted commissions from the management of the Tsarskoye-Selo Railway Company of Saint Petersburg to play in Russia for the Vauxhall Pavilion at Pavlovsk in 1856. He would return to perform in Russia every year until 1865. In 1862, the 27-year-old Eduard Strauss officially joined the Strauss orchestra as another conductor, and he and his brother Josef would lead it until 1870. The song titled "Was macht denn der Prater" from his 1864 composition 'S gibt nur a Kaiserstadt, 's gibt nur a Wien! was a hit during its day whereas its refrain Ja nur ein' Kaiserstadt, ja nur a Wien (Yes, only one Imperial City, yes only one Vienna!) became a popular household phrase. Strauss came to the United States in 1872, where he took part in the World's Peace Jubilee and International Musical Festival in Boston at the invitation of bandmaster Patrick Gilmore and was the lead conductor in a "Monster Concert" of over 1000 performers performing his "Blue Danube" waltz. He also conducted other pieces of his at the Festival with a smaller orchestra to great acclaim. As was customary at the time, requests for personal mementos from celebrities were often in the form of a lock of hair. In the case of Strauss during his visit to the United States, his valet obliged by clipping Strauss's black Newfoundland dog and providing "authentic Strauss hair" to adoring female fans. However, on account of the high volume of demand, there grew a fear that the dog would be trimmed bald.

Strauss married the singer Henriette "Jetty" Treffz (née Chalupetzky) in 1862, and they remained together until her death in 1878. Strauss, who struggled to process grief and often defaulted to avoidance coping, did not attend his late wife's funeral (just as he had missed the prior funerals of his mother and brother, Josef); his remaining brother, Eduard, handled the funeral arrangements. Treffz was survived by six of her seven illegitimate children – none of whom ever lived with their nominal stepfather, Strauss; nor are known to have had a close relationship therewith. Six weeks after Jetty's death, Strauss married the actress Ernestine Henriette Angelika Dittrich; better known as Angelika "Lili" Dittrich. Dittrich was not a fervent supporter of his music, and their differences in status and opinion, and especially her indiscretion, led him to seek a divorce. Strauss was not granted a decree of annulment by the Roman Catholic Church, and therefore changed religion and nationality, and became a citizen of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in January 1887. Strauss sought solace in his third wife Adele Johanna Strauß (née Deutsch), the widow of the unrelated Anton Strauß; whom he married in August 1887. She encouraged his creative talent to flow once more in his later years, resulting in many famous compositions, such as the operettas Der Zigeunerbaron and Waldmeister and the waltzes "Kaiser-Walzer" Op. 437, "Kaiser Jubiläum" Op. 434, and "Klug Gretelein" Op. 462. Adele had a daughter from her previous marriage, Alice von Meyszner-Strauss (née Strauß), whom Johann (who had no children of his own) raised and formally adopted as his stepdaughter. Via his daughter Alice, Strauss had two adoptive grandsons (both born after his death): Julius Epstein, a journalist and scholar who fled Europe for the United States; and Johann "Hanns" Epstein-Strauss. Hanns (together with Alice) took an active role in managing Johann Strauss II's legacy and estate, later inheriting many artefacts and prized possessions therefrom. Strauss' brother-in-law, Josef Simon (who was married to Adele's sister – Louise Deutsch), began collecting Strauss memorabilia after Johann's death in 1899. Simon's collection consisted of several manuscripts given him by Johann during his lifetime, though most objects were sourced by Simon post-1899. By 1922, Simon had amassed approximately 16,000 items, which he collectively dubbed the "Museum of Old Viennese Music". The so-called "Strauss-Simon" collection was purchased from Simon's heirs by the state government of Vienna in 1952.

• Illustration — Strauss and Johannes Brahms photographed in Vienna Although Strauss was the most sought-after composer of dance music in the latter half of the 19th century, Carl Michael Ziehrer and Émile Waldteufel provided stiff competition; the latter held a commanding position in Paris. Also, Philipp Fahrbach denied the younger Strauss the commanding position of the KK Hofballmusikdirektor when the latter first applied for the post. The German operetta composer Jacques Offenbach, who made his name in Paris, also posed a challenge to Strauss in the operetta field. Strauss was admired by other prominent composers: Richard Wagner once admitted that he liked the waltz "Wein, Weib und Gesang" (Wine, Women and Song) Op. 333. Richard Strauss (unrelated), when writing his Rosenkavalier waltzes, said in reference to Johann Strauss, "How could I forget the laughing genius of Vienna?" Johannes Brahms was a personal friend of Strauss; the latter dedicated his waltz "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!" ("Be Embraced, You Millions!"), Op. 443, to him. A story is told in biographies of both men that Strauss's wife Adele approached Brahms with a customary request that he autograph her fan. It was usual for the composer to inscribe a few measures of his best-known music, and then sign his name. Brahms, however, inscribed a few measures from the "Blue Danube", and then wrote beneath it: "Unfortunately, NOT by Johannes Brahms."

The most famous of Strauss's operettas are Die Fledermaus, Eine Nacht in Venedig, and Der Zigeunerbaron. There are many dance pieces drawn from themes of his operettas, such as "Cagliostro-Walzer" Op. 370 (from Cagliostro in Wien), "O Schöner Mai" Walzer Op. 375 (from Prinz Methusalem), "Rosen aus dem Süden" Walzer Op. 388 (from Das Spitzentuch der Königin), and "Kuss-Walzer" op. 400 (from Der lustige Krieg), that have survived obscurity and become well-known. Strauss also wrote an opera, Ritter Pázmán, and was in the middle of composing a ballet, Aschenbrödel, when he died in 1899.

• Illustration — Silhouette by Otto Böhler The lives of the Strauss dynasty members are the subject of several film and television features, such as The Great Waltz (1938), remade in 1972; The Strauss Family (1972); The Strauss Dynasty (1991) and Strauss, the King of 3/4 Time (1995). Many other films used his works and melodies. Alfred Hitchcock made a biographical film of Strauss in 1934 called Waltzes from Vienna. After a trip to Vienna, Walt Disney was inspired to create four feature films. One of those was The Waltz King, a loosely adapted biopic of Strauss, which aired as part of The Wonderful World of Disney in the U.S. in 1963.

Johann Strauss II was recorded at birth as Johann Baptist Strauss II. The authorities additionally record the headings Waltz King alvarado, Walzerkönig, Johann Strauss Jr. Johann Strauss Jr and Johann Strauss, Junior. His recorded language was German. He was the child of Johann Strauss I and Maria Anna Streim. He married Henrietta Treffz, Angelika Strauss and Adele Strauss. One child is recorded: Alice Meyszner. Other recorded relations include Alice Meyszner.

What the record establishes about Johann Strauss II. Johann Strauss II is recorded as having received Knight's Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph, Knight of the Legion of Honour and 4th class, Order of the Medjidie.

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