Jan Evangelista Purkyně

Such was his fame that when people from outside Europe wrote letters to him, all that they needed to put as the address was "Purkyně, Europe".

Jan Evangelista Purkyně studied at Charles University. Ludwig Traube and Karel Chodounský are recorded as having studied under Jan Evangelista Purkyně. The recorded working language is Latin, Czech and German. The field of work recorded is physiology. Places of work recorded in the authority are Strážnice and Prague. Employment is recorded with University of Wrocław and Charles University. Positions recorded include Member of the Bohemian Diet. Distinctions recorded are Foreign Member of the Royal Society.

• Name — Jan Purkyně • Born — 17 or 18 December 1787 • Birthplace — Libochovice, Bohemia • Died — 28 July 1869 • Place of death — Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary • Field — Anatomy, physiology • Workplaces — University of Breslau • Education — University of Prague • Known for — Purkinje cells Purkinje effect Purkinje images Purkinje fibres • Children — Emanuel, Karel, Rozalie, and Johana Jan Evangelista Purkyně (also written Johann Evangelist Purkinje; 17 or 18 December 1787 – 28 July 1869) was a Czech anatomist and physiologist. In 1839, he coined the term "protoplasma" for the fluid substance of a cell. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. Such was his fame that when people from outside Europe wrote letters to him, all that they needed to put as the address was "Purkyně, Europe".

Purkyně was born in Libochovice in the Kingdom of Bohemia (then part of the Habsburg monarchy, now the Czech Republic). After completing senior high school in 1804, Purkyně joined the Piarists order as a monk but subsequently left "to deal more freely with science." In 1818, Purkyně graduated from the University of Prague with a degree in medicine, where he was appointed a Professor of Physiology. He discovered the Purkinje effect, the human eye's much reduced sensitivity to dim red light compared to dim blue light, and published in 1823 description of several entoptic phenomena. He published two volumes, Observations and Experiments Investigating the Physiology of Senses and New Subjective Reports about Vision, which contributed to the emergence of the science of experimental psychology. He created the world's first Department of Physiology at the University of Breslau in Prussia (now Wrocław, Poland) in 1839 and the world's second official physiology laboratory in 1842. Here he was a founder of the Literary-Slav Society. • Illustration — Purkinje effect: simulated appearance of a red geranium and foliage in normal bright-light (photopic) vision, dusk (mesopic) vision, and night (scotopic) vision In 1850, he accepted the Physiology chair at Prague Medical Faculty, a position he held until his death. Purkyně is best known for his 1837 discovery of Purkinje cells, large neurons with many branching dendrites found in the cerebellum. He is also known for his discovery in 1839 of Purkinje fibres, the fibrous tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to all parts of the ventricles of the heart. Other discoveries include Purkinje images, reflections of objects from structures of the eye, and the Purkinje shift, the change in the brightness of red and blue colours as light intensity decreases gradually at dusk. Purkyně also introduced the scientific terms plasma (for the component of blood left when the suspended cells have been removed) and protoplasm (the substance found inside cells.) Purkyně was the first to use a microtome to make thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the compound microscope. He described the effects of camphor, opium, belladonna and turpentine on humans in 1829. He also experimented with nutmeg that same year, when he "washed down three ground nutmegs with a glass of wine and experienced headaches, nausea, euphoria, and hallucinations that lasted several days", which remain a good description of today's average nutmeg binge. Purkyně discovered sweat glands in 1833 and published a thesis that recognised 9 principal configuration groups of fingerprints in 1823. Purkyně was also the first to describe and illustrate in 1838 the intracytoplasmic pigment neuromelanin in the substantia nigra. He is also credited with the invention of the compressorium, a microscopy accessory to apply controlled pressure to specimens under observation. Purkyně also recognised the importance of the work of Eadweard Muybridge. Purkyně constructed his own version of a stroboscope which he called forolyt. He put nine photos of him shot from various sides to the disc and entertained his grandchildren by showing them how he, an old and famous professor, is turning around at great speed.

In 1827, at the age of 40, he married Julia Agnes Rudolphi (1800–1835), daughter of his supporter, the Swedish-born German naturalist Karl Rudolphi (1771–1832). They had two daughters and two sons. His wife and daughters died of cholera in Wrocław, leaving two sons. The older son Emanuel Purkyně (1831–1882) became a naturalist, while the younger son Karel (1834–1868) became a painter. He is buried at the Vyšehrad Cemetery in Prague.