Jalal Al-e-Ahmad

• Name — Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad جلال آلاحمد • Born — 2 December 1923 • Birthplace — Tehran, Sublime State of Iran • Died — 9 September 1969 • Place of death — Asalem, Imperial State of Iran • Occupation — Writer, social and political critic • Spouse — Simin Daneshvar (1950−1969, his death) • Political Party — * Tudeh Party (1945–1948) • Third Force (1948–1951) • Toilers Party (1951–1952) • Third Force (1952–1953)

Jalal Al-e-Ahmad was born in Tehran, into a religious family — his father was a cleric — "originally from the village of Aurazan in the Taliqan district bordering Mazandaran in northern Iran, and in due time Al-e-Ahmad was to travel there, exerting himself actively for the welfare of the villagers and devoting to them the first of his anthropological monographs". He was a cousin of Mahmoud Taleghani. After elementary school Al-e-Ahmad was sent to earn a living in the Tehran bazaar, but also attended Marvi Madreseh for a religious education, and without his father's permission, night classes at the Dar ul-Fonun. He went to Seminary of Najaf in 1944 but returned home very quickly. He became "acquainted with the speech and words of Ahmad Kasravi" and was unable to commit to the clerical career his father and brother had hoped he would take, describing it as "a snare in the shape of a cloak and an aba." He describes his family as religious in an autobiographical sketch written in 1967. In 1946, Al-e-Ahmad earned an M.A. in Persian literature from Tehran Teachers College and became a teacher, at the same time making a sharp break with his religious family that left him "completely on his own resources." He pursued academic studies further and enrolled in a doctoral program of Persian literature at Tehran University but quit before he had defended his dissertation in 1951. In 1950, he married Simin Daneshvar, a well-known Persian novelist. Jalal and Simin were infertile, a topic that was reflected in some of Jalal's works. In 1960, before Kharg Island had been transformed into a major oil terminal and shipping port, upon visiting the island, Al-e-Ahmad called it "the orphan pearl of the Persian Gulf". He died in Asalem, a rural region in the north of Iran, inside a cottage which was built almost entirely by himself. He was buried in the Firouzabadi Mosque in Ray, Iran. According to rumors he was poisoned by SAVAK, but this was vehemently contradicted by his wife, who confirmed the official cause of death, pulmonary embolism due to alcohol and nicotine abuse. In 2010, the Tehran Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts Department bought the house in which both Jalal Al-e Ahmad and his brother Shams were born and lived.

Al-e-Ahmad is perhaps most famous for using the term gharbzadegi, originally coined by Ahmad Fardid and variously translated in English as weststruckness, westoxification and occidentosis - in a book by the same name Occidentosis: A Plague from the West, self-published by Al-e Ahmad in Iran in 1962. In the book Al-e-Ahmad developed a "stinging critique of Western technology and by implication of Western 'civilization' itself". He argued that the decline of traditional Iranian industries such as carpet weaving was the beginning of Western "economic and existential victories over the East." His criticism of Western technology and mechanization was influenced, through Ahmad Fardid, by Heidegger, and he also considered Jean-Paul Sartre as another seminal philosophical influence. There was also Ernst Jünger, to whom Jalal ascribes a major part in the genealogy of his famous book, and he goes on to say "Junger and I were both exploring more or less the same subject, but from two viewpoints. We were addressing the same question, but in two languages." Throughout the twelve chapters of the essay, Al-e Ahmad defines gharbzadegi as a contagious disease, lists its initial symptoms and details its etiology, diagnoses local patients, offers a prognosis for patients in other localities, and consults with other specialists to suggest a rather hazy antidote. His message was embraced by the Ayatollah Khomeini, who wrote in 1971 that "The poisonous culture of imperialism [is] penetrating to the depths of towns and villages throughout the Muslim world, displacing the culture of the Qur'an, recruiting our youth en masse to the service of foreigners and imperialists..." and became part of the ideology of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which emphasized nationalization of industry, independence in all areas of life from both the Soviet and the Western world, and "self-sufficiency" in economics. He was also one of the main influences of Ahmadinejad.

Ali Mirsepasi believes that Al-e Ahmad is concerned with the discourse of authenticity along with Shariati. According to Mirsepasi, Jalal extended his critiques of the hegemonic power of the West. The critique is centered on the concept of westoxication. Al-e Ahmad attacks secular intellectuals with the concept. He believes that the intellectuals could not construct effectively an authentically Iranian modernity. On this occasion, he posed the concept of “return” to an Islamic culture which is authentic at the same time. Al-e Ahmad believed that to avoid the homogenizing and alienating forces of modernity, it is necessary to return to the roots of Islamic culture. In fact, Al Ahmad wanted to reimagine modernity with Iranian-Islamic tradition.

Al-e-Ahmad joined the communist Tudeh Party along with his mentor Khalil Maleki shortly after World War II. They "were too independent for the party" and resigned in protest over the lack of democracy and the "nakedly pro-Soviet" support for Soviet demands for oil concession and occupation of Iranian Azerbaijan. They formed an alternative party the Socialist Society of the Iranian Masses in January 1948 but disbanded it a few days later when Radio Moscow attacked it, unwilling to publicly oppose "what they considered the world's most progressive nations." Nonetheless, the dissent of Al-e-Ahmad and Maleki marked "the end of the near hegemony of the party over intellectual life." He later helped found the pro-Mossadegh Tudeh Party, one of the component parties of the National Front, and then in 1952 a new party called the Third Force. Following the 1953 Iranian coup d'état Al-e-Ahmad was imprisoned for several years and "so completely lost faith in party politics" that he signed a letter of repentance published in an Iranian newspaper declaring that he had "resigned from the Third Force, and completely abandoned politics." However, he remained a part of the Third Force political group, attending its meetings, and continuing to follow the political mentorship of Khalil Maleki until their deaths in 1969. In 1963, visited Israel for two weeks, and published 4 essays describing his experiences, which included a visit to Kibbutz Ayelet HaShahar, in which he praised both David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Dayan's visionary leadership as being in the prophetic tradition as "guardians" of the State. He greatly admired the fusion of the religious and secular as bridging both eastern and western culture and saw it as a potential model for the state of Iran. In 5th essay, allegedly written a month after the Six-Day War Ahmad reversed course and wrote a venomous reassessment of Israel replete with antisemitic tropes of Jewish control of banks, the media and Holocaust inversion, though some scholars speculate a different authorship. Despite his relationship with the secular Third Force group, Al-e-Ahmad became more sympathetic to the need for religious leadership in the transformation of Iranian politics, especially after the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1963.

• Illustration — 1988 Iranian stamp honoring Jalal Al-e-Ahmad. Al-e-Ahmad used a colloquial style in prose. In this sense, he is a follower of avant-garde Persian novelists like Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh. Since the subjects of his works (novels, essays, travelogues, and ethnographic monographs) are usually cultural, social, and political issues, symbolic representations and sarcastic expressions are regular patterns in his books. A distinct characteristic of his writings is his honest examination of subjects, regardless of possible reactions from political, social, or religious powers. On the invitation of Richard Nelson Frye, Al-e-Ahmad spent a summer at Harvard University, as part of a Distinguished Visiting Fellowship program established by Henry Kissinger for supporting promising Iranian intellectuals. Al-e-Ahmad rigorously supported Nima Yushij (father of modern Persian poetry) and had an important role in the acceptance of Nima's revolutionary style. In "a short but prolific career", his writings "came to fill over thirty-five volumes."

• The School Principal • By the Pen • The Tale of Beehives • The Cursing of the Land • A Stone upon a Grave Many of his novels, including the first two in the list above, have been translated into English.

• "The setar" • "Of our suffering" • "Someone else's child" • "Pink nail-polish" • "The Chinese flower pot" • "The postman" • "The treasure" • "The Pilgrimage" • "Sin"

• Gharbzadegī • "Seven essays" • "Hurried investigations"

Jalal traveled to far-off, usually poor, regions of Iran and tried to document their life, culture, and problems. Some of these monographs are: • "Owrazan" • "Tat people of Block-e-Zahra" • "Kharg Island, the unique pearl of the Persian Gulf"

• Khasī dar Mīqāt • A Journey to Russia • A Journey to Europe • A Journey to the Land of Israel ("The land of Azrael") • A Journey to America

• The Misunderstanding by Albert Camus • The Stranger by Albert Camus • The Gambler by Fyodor Dostoyevsky • The Fruits of the Earth by André Gide • Return from the U.S.S.R. by André Gide • Rhinoceros by Eugène Ionesco • Dirty Hands by Jean-Paul Sartre