Jacopo de' Barbari

His few surviving paintings (about twelve) include the first known example of trompe-l'œil since antiquity. His twenty-nine engravings and three very large woodcuts were also highly influential.

The recorded working language is Italian. The field of work recorded is Italian painting, Renaissance painting and wood engraving technique. Subjects and genres recorded for the work are still life. Places of work recorded in the authority are Nuremberg and Venice. Employment is recorded with Frederick III of Saxony, Duke Heinrich V, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg. Positions recorded include court painter. Works named in the authority record are Portrait of Henri V. of Mecklenburg, Still-Life with Partridge and Iron Gloves, Portrait of Luca Pacioli and View of Venice. Work by Jacopo de' Barbari is recorded in the collections of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Minneapolis Institute of Art, Art Institute of Chicago, The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art and National Gallery of Victoria.

• Title — Jacopo de' Barbari • Year — 1505 • City — Washington, D.C. • Museum — National Gallery of Art • Italic Title — no

His place and date of birth are unknown, but he was described as a Venetian by contemporaries, including Albrecht Dürer ("van Venedig geporn"), and as 'old and weak' in 1511, so dates of between 1450 and 1470 have been proposed. Some believed that he was actually German-born before moving to Italy. However, this belief is not conclusive and remains a hypothesis to researchers. Since the earlier date range would have him achieve sudden prominence at the age of nearly fifty, the later date range would seem more likely. He signed most of his engravings with a caduceus, the sign of Mercury, and the Munich Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets (right) with this below his name: "Jac.o de barbarj p 1504" on the painted piece of paper. He was probably not of the important Venetian Barbaro family as he was never listed in that family's genealogy. Nothing is known about his first decades, although Alvise Vivarini has been suggested as his master. He left Venice for Germany in 1500, and thereafter is better documented. There he worked for the Emperor Maximilian I in Nuremberg for a year, then in various places for Frederick the Wise of Saxony in 1503–5, before moving to the court of the Elector Joachim I of Brandenburg for about the years 1506–8. In Germany, he was often known as "Jacop Walch", probably from "Wälsch" meaning foreigner, a term especially used for Italians. He may have returned to Venice with Philip the Handsome of Burgundy, for whom he later worked in the Netherlands. By March 1510 he was working for Philip's successor Archduchess Margaret in Brussels and Mechelen. In January 1511 he fell ill and made a will, and in March, the Archduchess gave him a pension for life, on account of his age and weakness ("debilitation et vieillesse"). By 1516, he had died, leaving the Archduchess in possession of twenty-three engraving plates, which, since many of his plates were probably engraved on both sides, means some engravings may not have survived.

• Illustration — His very large woodcut View of Venice, 1500. First state at the Minneapolis Institute of Art

His earliest documented work is his huge (1.345 x 2.818 metres, from six blocks) and impressive woodcut aerial view Map of Venice, for which a privilege was granted to its publisher in 1500, recording that the work had taken three years. This clearly drew on the work of many surveyors, but was a spectacular feat nonetheless, and caused a considerable stir from the first. It was later updated by others to reflect major new building projects in a second state of the print. Apart from the Map of Venice, he produced two other woodcuts, both of men and satyrs, which were the largest and most impressive figurative woodcuts yet produced, and which established the Italian tradition of fine, large, woodcuts for the following decades. These may have also been produced before 1500; they are clearly strongly influenced by Mantegna. The "Triumph of Men Over Satyrs," completed in the early 16th century, was de' Barbari's other notable multi-block print highlighting various themes related to mythology. This three-block print represents the scenes just after a battle - nude men and women walk towards a temple, showing the defeated satyrs bound as prisoners and carried in baskets. Multiple scholars, such as Juergen Schulz and David Landau, have suggested the connection with another woodcut titled "Battle Between Satyrs and Men," wherein one of the placards in the later piece directly represents the battle scene from de' Barbari's earlier battle. Connections between the architecture of Venice in the background of the print relates to other paintings at the time such as the "Process in St. Mark's Square," completed by Gentile Bellini in 1496.

• Illustration — Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets, 1504, arguably the first still life By the time the Map of Venice was published, de' Barbari had already left for Germany, where he met Dürer, whom he may have already known from Dürer's first Italian trip (a passage in a letter of Dürer's is ambiguous). They discussed human proportion, not obviously one of de' Barbari's strengths, but Dürer was evidently fascinated by what he had to say, though he recorded that de' Barberi had not told him everything he knew: Twenty years later, Dürer tried unsuccessfully to get the Archduchess Margaret, Habsburg Regent of the Netherlands, to give him a manuscript book she had on the subject by de' Barbari, by then dead; the book has not survived.

De' Barberi spent a year in Nuremberg, where Dürer lived, in 1500–1, and influences flowed in both directions between him and Dürer for a number of years. None of his engravings are dated, so much of the dating of them depends on resemblances to dated prints by Dürer; this is complicated by uncertainty in some cases as to who was influencing whom. Five of his engravings were in an album of Hartmann Schedel's, which was bound up in December 1504, which gives further evidence as to the dating. De' Barberi had probably made some engravings before leaving Italy, but his best engravings (and perhaps all of them) were probably done after his move to Germany in 1500. Some of his paintings are dated as: 1500, 1503, 1504, 1508. Documents relating to his employment by Maximilian suggest his work was to include illuminating manuscripts, but no work in this medium has been generally attributed to him. His only generally accepted drawing is a Cleopatra in the British Museum, apparently done as a study for an engraving which has not survived.

• Illustration — Victory Reclining Amid Trophies, engraving, c. 1510 His style is related to his possible master, Alvise Vivarini and to Giovanni Bellini, but has a languorous quality all its own. Apart from Dürer, the influence of Mantegna's technique also appears in what are probably the earlier engravings, done around the turn of the century, with parallel hatching. His engravings are mostly small, showing just a few figures. Truculent satyrs feature in several prints; there are a number of mythological subjects, including two Sacrifices to Priapus. The earlier prints show figures with "small heads and somewhat shapeless bodies, with sloping shoulders and thick torsos supported by slender legs" — also seen in his paintings. Probably from a middle period come several nudes, the most famous being Apollo and Diana, St Sebastian and the Three Bound Captives. In these, his ability to organise the whole composition has greatly improved. In a final group, the style becomes more Italianate, and the compositions more complex. These have an enigmatic, haunting atmosphere and a very refined technique. Levenson has proposed that they date from his period in the Netherlands and were influenced by the young Lucas van Leyden. The transmission between the Netherlands and Venice during this time was also prominent, as both regions were port cities booming with trade. As a result, not only were economies tied to one another, but art as well.