Ian Barbour
Ian Graeme Barbour (October 5, 1923 – December 24, 2013) was an American scholar on the relationship between science and religion. According to the Public Broadcasting Service, his mid-1960s Issues in Science and Religion "has been credited with literally creating the contemporary field of science and religion." In the citation nominating Barbour for the 1999 Templeton Prize, John B. Cobb wrote, "No contemporary has made a more original, deep and lasting contribution toward the needed integration of scientific and religious knowledge and values than Ian Barbour.
Also recorded as Ian Graeme Barbour
Ian Barbour

Closer To Truth · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Name
- Ian Barbour
- Birth Name
- Ian Graeme Barbour
- Born
- 5 October 1923
- Birthplace
- Beijing, China
- Died
- 24 December 2013
- Place of death
- Minneapolis, Minnesota, US
- Awards
- Templeton Prize (1999)
- Nationality
- United States
- Occupation
- physicist · university teacher · writer · philosopher · theologian · naturalist
- Fields
- natural science · theology · theology and science
- Education
- Duke University · University of Chicago · Swarthmore College · Yale Divinity School
- Honours
- Guggenheim Fellowship · Templeton Prize
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Documentary summary
Ian Graeme Barbour (October 5, 1923 – December 24, 2013) was an American scholar on the relationship between science and religion. According to the Public Broadcasting Service, his mid-1960s Issues in Science and Religion "has been credited with literally creating the contemporary field of science and religion." In the citation nominating Barbour for the 1999 Templeton Prize, John B. Cobb wrote, "No contemporary has made a more original, deep and lasting contribution toward the needed integration of scientific and religious knowledge and values than Ian Barbour.
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Ian Barbour (1923–2013) was an American naturalist, philosopher and physicist, among other activities. Born in Beijing, the naturalist died in Minneapolis.
Ian Barbour studied at Duke University, Swarthmore College and University of Chicago, among others. The naturalist worked for Carleton College and Yale University. Ian Barbour was active in natural science and theology.
Languages used include English. The naturalist received Guggenheim Fellowship and Templeton Prize.
Composed from admitted, traceable facts · 01 October 2026
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Authority files
wikidata · Q525883 · wikipedia · Ian Barbour
In this article
Biography
Biography
Ian Barbour studied at Duke University, University of Chicago and Swarthmore College. The recorded working language is English. The field of work recorded is natural science, theology and theology and science. Employment is recorded with Yale University and Carleton College. Distinctions recorded are Guggenheim Fellowship and Templeton Prize.
Key facts
Key facts
• Name — Ian Barbour • Birth Name — Ian Graeme Barbour • Born — 5 October 1923 • Birthplace — Beijing, China • Died — 24 December 2013 • Place of death — Minneapolis, Minnesota, US • Awards — Templeton Prize (1999) • Alma Mater — * Swarthmore College (BS) • Duke University (MS) • University of Chicago (PhD) • Yale University (BDiv) • Thesis Title — Magnetic Deflection of Cosmic-ray Mesons Using Nuclear Plates • Thesis Year — 1950 • School Tradition — * Process theology • theological critical realism • Discipline — * Physics • religious studies • science and technology studies • Sub Discipline — Particle physics • Workplaces — Carleton College • Main Interests — Relationship between religion and science • Notable Works — Issues in Science and Religion (1966) • Notable Ideas — Theological critical realism • Influenced — * Arthur Peacocke • John Polkinghorne
Biography
Biography
Barbour was born on October 5, 1923, in Beijing, China, the second of three sons of an American Episcopal mother (who was the daughter of the obstetrician Robert Latou Dickinson) and a Scottish Presbyterian father. His family left China in 1931 and Barbour spent the remainder of his youth in the United States and England. A conscientious objector, he served in the Civilian Public Service for three years during the Second World War. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in physics from Swarthmore College and his Master of Science degree in physics from Duke University in 1946. In 1950, he received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in physics from the University of Chicago, where he worked as a teaching assistant to Enrico Fermi. He earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1956 from Yale University's Divinity School. Barbour taught at Carleton College beginning with a joint appointment in the departments of physics and philosophy. He began teaching religion full-time in 1960, when the university established a religion department. In the 1970s, he co-founded of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy program at Carleton, which later became the Environment and Technology Studies program. He retired in 1986 as the Winifred and Atherton Bean Professor Emeritus of Science, Technology and Society. Barbour gave the Gifford lectures from 1989 to 1991 at the University of Aberdeen. These lectures led to the book Religion in an Age of Science. He was awarded the Templeton Prize in 1999 for Progress in Religion in recognition of his efforts to create a dialogue between the worlds of science and religion. Barbour was married to Deane Kern from 1947 until her death in 2011. They had four children. Barbour suffered a stroke on December 20, 2013, at his home in Northfield, Minnesota, and remained in a coma at Abbott Northwestern Hospital until his death four days later.
Identity
Identity
Ian Barbour is recorded as physicist, university teacher, writer, philosopher and theologian.
Life and career
Dated record
Life and career
The full dated record · 2 entries
1923
Ian Barbour born at Beijing.
2013
Ian Barbour died at Minneapolis.
Places
Named by the record
Places
Only places the record itself states, plotted where the house gazetteer settles their coordinates. Nothing is inferred from a name or a nationality.
Beijing.
Birth place
Minneapolis.
Death place
Philosophy and theology
In his efforts to link science and religion in Issues in Science and Religion, Barbour coined the term critical realism. This has been adopted by other scholars. He claimed the basic structure of religion is similar to that of science in some ways but also differs on some crucial points. They are part of the same spectrum in which both display subjective as well as objective features. The subjective include the theory on data, the resistance of comprehensive theories to falsification, and the absence of rules for choice among paradigms. Objective features include the presence of common data, evidence for or against a theory, and criteria which are not paradigm-dependent. The presence of subjective and objective features in both science and religion makes his thinking valuable and original. Barbour's arguments have been developed in significant and diverse ways by a variety of scholars, including Arthur Peacocke, John Polkinghorne, Sallie McFague, and Robert John Russell. His subjective / objective approach is prominent in the evolving paradigm of religious naturalism. Barbour considered critical realism an alternative to the competing interpretations of scientific theories: classical or naive realism, instrumentalism, and idealism. A critical realist perspective sees scientific theories yielding partial, revisable, abstract, but referential knowledge of the world that can be expressed through metaphors and models. During the 1970s Barbour presented a program of interdisciplinary courses that dealt with ethical issues in the applications of science, exploring the social and environmental consequences of a variety of technologies. In 2000 in When Science Meets Religion (2000) he used a fourfold typology (Conflict, Independence, Dialogue, Integration) to relate religion and science that he had developed in his earlier writings. In his works, Barbour writes from a Christian perspective. Barbour compared methods of inquiry in science and religion, and has explored the theological implications of the natural and social sciences. He also has lectured widely on ethical issues in such fields as climate change, technology policy, energy, agriculture, computers, and cloning. American academic Forrest Clingerman ties Barbour to the religious naturalism movement via his theology of nature. His subjective/objective approach to religious is prominent in this evolving paradigm. Michael Dowd calls Barbour the grandfather of the evolutionary Christianity movement. In his acceptance speech for the 1999 Templeton Prize, Barbour spoke about the need to break down barriers, using cloning as an example of science's ability to say what is possible and of religion to reflect on what is desirable.
Primary material
Documents and archives
scholarly publication
- Barbour, Ian Graeme (1923–2013), The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, 2005
Scholarly · Crossref registry · 2005
- Theology and Science in the Thought of Ian Barbour, 2021
Scholarly · Crossref registry · 2021
reference work
- “Ian Barbour”, English Wikipedia, consulted as further reading
Reputable secondary · Wikipedia
- Wikidata, structured authority record Q525883: Ian Barbour
Reputable secondary · Wikimedia Foundation
Literature
Scholarly footprint
A count of publications is evidence of attention, not of standing, and is given here only as a measure.
Notes from the source article
Cited by Wikipedia
Notes from the source article
These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
- 1.Halverson, Daniel. Science, Religion, and Secularism. Part V: Ian Barbour – The Synthesis Model. The Partially Examined Life. October 5, 2017.
- 2.The PBS Online Newhour May 28, 1999. PBS.
- 3.Carleton College. Carleton Professor Emeritus Wins Prestigious Templeton Prize. March 10, 1999.
- 4.Yardley, William. Ian Barbour, Who Found a Balance Between Faith and Science, Dies at 90. The New York Times. A19. January 13, 2014.
- 5.Woo, Elaine. Ian Barbour Dies at 90; Academic Who Bridged Science–Religion Divide. Los Angeles Times. January 1, 2014.
- 6.Ian Barbour - Carleton College.
- 7.Russell, Robert John. Critical Realism: The Original Bridge Between Science and Religion. Counterbalance Foundation.
- 8.Ian G. Barbour. Gifford Lectures.
- 9.Taylor, Howard. Review of When Science Meets Religion, by Ian Barbour. Faith and the Modern World. Howard Taylor.
- 10.Grandddaddy of Evolutionary Christianity retrieved April 15, 2011
Bibliography printed in the source article · 22
- Christianity & the Scientists (1960)
- Issues in Science and Religion (1966)
- Science & Religion (1968)
- Science & Secularity: The Ethics of Technology (1970)
- Review of Science & Secularity with discussion of other books from Journal of Religion
- Myths, Models and Paradigms (1974),
- Religion in an Age of Science (1990),
- Ethics in an Age of Technology (1993),
- Foreword in Religion & Science: History, Method, Dialogue (1996), W. Mark Richardson (ed.) and Wesley J. Wildman (ed.),
- Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues (1997) (revised and expanded version of Religion in an Age of Science)
- When Science Meets Religion, (2000),
- Nature, Human Nature, and God (2002),
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References
Citations
References
Each reference names the institution holding it, so a reader may go to the document itself.
scholarly publication
Barbour, Ian Graeme (1923–2013), The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, 2005Crossref registry
Institutional witnessscholarly publication
Theology and Science in the Thought of Ian Barbour, 2021Crossref registry
Institutional witnessreference work
Secondary witnessreference work
Wikidata, structured authority record Q525883: Ian BarbourWikimedia Foundation
Secondary witness
The Encyclopedia exists whether or not anything is for sale. Corrections are recorded rather than overwritten, and every version of this record is kept. Published 15 August 2026.
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