garrote

• Illustration — From the torture museum of Freiburg im Breisgau A garrotte can be made of different materials, including ropes, cloth, cable ties, fishing lines, nylon, guitar strings, telephone cord or piano wire. A stick may be used to tighten the garrotte; the Spanish word refers to the stick itself. In Spanish, the term may also refer to a rope and stick used to constrict a limb as a torture device. Since World War II, the garrotte has been regularly employed as a weapon by soldiers as a silent means of killing sentries and other enemy personnel. Instruction in the use of purpose-built and improvised garrottes is included in the training of many elite military units and special forces. A typical military garrotte consists of two wooden handles attached to a length of flexible wire; the wire is looped over a sentry's head and pulled taut in one motion. Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion have used a particular type of double-loop garrotte (referred to as la loupe), where a double coil of rope or cord is dropped around a victim's neck and then pulled taut. Even if the victim pulls on one of the coils, the other is tightened. Garrotte-like assassination techniques were widely employed in 17th- and 18th-century India, particularly by the alleged Thuggee cult. Practitioners used a yellow silk or cloth scarf called a rumāl. The Indian version of the garrotte frequently incorporates a knot at the centre intended to aid in crushing the larynx, decreasing the communication capabilities of the victim, while someone applies pressure to the victim's back, usually using a foot or knee.

• Illustration — In this 15th-century depiction of the burning of Albigensians after an auto da fé, the condemned had been garrotted previously. It is one of the first depictions of a garrotte. Pedro Berruguete, Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fé. The garrotte (laqueus) is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Second Catilinian Conspiracy, where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a la in the Tullianum, and the implement is shown in some early reliefs. It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal. It was employed during the conquista of the Americas, notably in the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa. It was intended as a more merciful form of execution than death by burning; heretics, who converted to Christianity after their conviction, would receive a quick strangulation from the Spanish Inquisition. A later version of the garrotte used an iron collar with a large metal screw in the back. The theory was that when the screw was tightened, it would crush the brain stem and kill the victim instantly; however, if the screw missed the point where the brain meets the spinal column, it would simply bore into the victim's neck while they were strangled by the iron collar. In the Ottoman Empire, execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar. During the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, French forces regularly used the garrotte to execute Spanish guerrilleros, priests, and other opponents of Napoleonic rule. Around 1810 the earliest known metallic garrotte appeared in Spain, and on 28 April 1828, the garrotte was declared the sole method of executing civilians in that country. In May 1897, the last public garrotting in Spain was performed in Barcelona. After that, all executions were performed inside prisons.

The last civilian executions in Spain, both by garrotting, were those of the poisoner Pilar Prades in May 1959 and the spree killer José María Jarabo in July 1959. Recent legislation had placed many crimes (such as robbery–murder) under military jurisdiction; thus, prosecutors rarely requested civilian executions. Military executions were still performed in Spain until the 1970s. The garrottings of Heinz Chez (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich in March 1974, both convicted in the Francoist State of killing police officers, were the last state-sanctioned garrottings in the world. With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases, but the death penalty was abolished in 1978 after dictator Francisco Franco's death. The last man to be sentenced to death by garrotting was José Luis Cerveto "the murderer of Pedralbes" in October 1977, for a double robbery–murder in May 1974. Cerveto requested execution, but his sentence was commuted. Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted was businessman Juan Ballot, for the contract killing of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. After the death penalty was abolished in Spain, the writer Camilo José Cela obtained a garrotte, which had probably been used for the execution of Puig Antich, from the General Council of the Judiciary (Consejo General del Poder Judicial) to display at his foundation. The device was kept in storage in Barcelona, and was displayed in the room that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel The Family of Pascual Duarte, until Puig Antich's family asked for its removal. In 1990, Andorra became the last country to officially abolish the death penalty by garrotting, though this method had not been employed there since the late 12th century.

• Illustration — Execution by garrotte in Spain • Illustration — Execution by garrotte of a murderer in Barcelona • Name — Year • Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura — data-sort-value="−63"|63 BC • Vercingetorix — data-sort-value="−46"|46 BC • Atahualpa — 1533 • Diego de Almagro — 1538 • Şehzade Bayezid — 1561 • Agnes Sampson — 1591 • Luis de Carvajal the Younger — 1596 • Kara Mustafa Pasha — 1683 • António José da Silva — 1739 • Tomasa Tito Condemayta — 1781 • Leonardo Bravo — 1812 • Francisco Javier de Elío — 1822 • Mariana de Pineda Muñoz — 1831 • Luis Candelas — 1837 • Narciso López — 1851 • Martín Merino y Gómez — 1852 • José Apolonio Burgos — 1872 • Mariano Gomez — 1872 • Jacinto Zamora — 1872 • Francisco Zaldua — 1872 • Francisco Otero González — 1880 • Juan Díaz de Garayo — 1881 • Michele Angiolillo — 1897 • Francisco de Dios Piqueras — 1924 • Honorio Sánchez Molina — 1924 • José María Sánchez Navarrete — 1924 • Agapito García Atadell — 1937 • Benigno Andrade — 1952 • Abdurrahman Fatalibeyli — 1954 • Lorenzo Castro — 1956 • Juan Vázquez Pérez — 1956 • Julio López Guixot — 1958 • Pilar Prades — 1959 • Juan García Suárez — 1959 • José María Jarabo — 1959 • Heinz Chez — 1974 • Salvador Puig Antich — 1974