Étienne de La Boétie
Étienne or Estienne de La Boétie (French: [etjɛn d(ə) la bɔesi], also [bwati] or [bɔeti]; Occitan: Esteve de La Boetiá; 1 November 1530 – 18 August 1563) was a French magistrate, classicist, writer, poet and political theorist, best remembered for his relationship with essayist Michel de Montaigne. His early political treatise Discourse on Voluntary Servitude was posthumously adopted by the Huguenot movement and is sometimes seen as an early influence on modern anti-statist, utopian and civil disobedience thought.
Also recorded as Étienne De La Boétie · Etienne de la boetie · On Voluntary Servitude
Étienne de La Boétie
Tommy-Boy · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Born
- 1530. · Sarlat-la-Canéda.
- Died
- 1563. · Le Taillan-Médoc.
- Nationality
- France.
- Occupation
- philosopher, judge, poet, french moralist, writer and politician.
- Fields
- philosophy, justice and judicial activities, politics and literature.
- Education
- Old University of Orléans, University of Orléans and College of Guienne.
- Teachers
- Anne du Bourg.
- Known for
- Discourse on Voluntary Servitude.
- Languages
- Middle French and French.
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Documentary summary
Étienne or Estienne de La Boétie (French: [etjɛn d(ə) la bɔesi], also [bwati] or [bɔeti]; Occitan: Esteve de La Boetiá; 1 November 1530 – 18 August 1563) was a French magistrate, classicist, writer, poet and political theorist, best remembered for his relationship with essayist Michel de Montaigne. His early political treatise Discourse on Voluntary Servitude was posthumously adopted by the Huguenot movement and is sometimes seen as an early influence on modern anti-statist, utopian and civil disobedience thought.
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wikidata · Q290227 · wikipedia · Étienne de La Boétie
In this article
Life
Life
Étienne de La Boétie studied at Old University of Orléans, University of Orléans and College of Guienne. Training under Anne du Bourg is recorded. The recorded working language is Middle French and French. The field of work recorded is philosophy, justice and judicial activities and politics. Positions recorded include judge. Works named in the authority record are Discourse on Voluntary Servitude.
La Boétie was born in Sarlat, in the Périgord region of southwest France, in 1530 to an aristocratic family. His father was a royal official of the Périgord region and his mother was the sister of the president of the Bordeaux Parliament (assembly of lawyers). Orphaned at an early age, he was brought up by his uncle and namesake, the curate of Bouilbonnas, and received his law degree from the University of Orléans in 1553. His great and precocious ability earned La Boétie a royal appointment to the Bordeaux Parliament the following year, despite his being under the minimum age. There he pursued a distinguished career as judge and diplomatic negotiator until his untimely death from illness in 1563 at the age of thirty-two. La Boétie was also a distinguished poet and humanist, translating Xenophon and Plutarch, and being closely connected with the leading young Pleiade group of poets, including Pierre de Ronsard, Jean Daurat and Jean-Antoine de Baïf. La Boétie was favorable to the conciliation of Catholicism and Protestantism; "warned of the dangerous and divisive consequences of permitting two religions, which could lead to two opposed states in the same country. The most he would have allowed the Protestants was the right to worship in private, and he pointed out their own intolerance of Catholics. His policy for religious peace was one of conciliation and concord through reforms in the church that would eventually persuade the Protestants to reunite with Catholicism". He served with Montaigne in the Bordeaux parlement and is immortalized in Montaigne's essay on friendship. Some historians have questioned whether the two were lovers or not, but each played influential roles in each other's lives regardless.
Life and career
Dated record
Life and career
The full dated record · 2 entries
1530
Étienne de La Boétie born at Sarlat-la-Canéda.
1563
Étienne de La Boétie died at Le Taillan-Médoc.
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Named by the record
Places
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Sarlat-la-Canéda.
Birth place
Le Taillan-Médoc.
Death place
Writings
La Boétie's writings include a few sonnets, translations from the classics and an essay attacking monarchy and tyranny in general, Discours de la servitude volontaire ou le Contr'un (Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, or the Anti-Dictator). The essay asserts that tyrants have power because the people give it to them. Liberty has been abandoned once by society, which afterward stayed corrupted and prefers the slavery of the courtesan to the freedom of one who refuses to dominate as he refuses to obey. Thus, La Boétie linked obedience and domination, a relationship which would be later theorised by latter anarchist thinkers. By advocating a solution of simply refusing to support the tyrant, he became one of the earliest advocates of civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance. Murray N. Rothbard summarizes La Boétie's political philosophy as follows: To him, the great mystery of politics was obedience to rulers. Why in the world do people agree to be looted and otherwise oppressed by government overlords? It is not just fear, Boetie explains in the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, for our consent is required. And that consent can be non-violently withdrawn. It was once thought following Montaigne's claims that La Boétie wrote the essay in 1549 at the age of eighteen, but recent authorities argue that it is "likely that the Discourse was written in 1552 or 1553, at the age of twenty-two, while La Boétie was at the university". Some Montaigne scholars have argued that the essay was in fact the work of Montaigne himself. The essay was circulated privately and not published until 1576 after La Boétie's death. He died in Germignan near Bordeaux in 1563. La Boétie's days are described in a long letter from Montaigne to his own father.
Influence
In the 20th century, many European anarchists began to cite La Boétie as an influence, including Gustav Landauer, Bart de Ligt and Simone Weil. Autonomist Marxist thinker John Holloway also cites him in his book Crack Capitalism in order to explain his idea of "breaking with capitalism". Gene Sharp, the leading theorist of nonviolent struggle, cites his work frequently in both The Politics of Nonviolent Action and From Dictatorship to Democracy.
Primary material
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reference work
- Wikidata, structured authority record Q290227: Étienne de La Boétie
Reputable secondary · Wikimedia Foundation
- “Étienne de La Boétie”, English Wikipedia, consulted as further reading
Reputable secondary · Wikipedia
scholarly publication
- 1. Étienne de La Boétie: The Paradox of Voluntary Subjection, Constituent Power in Early Modern Political Philosophy, 2025
Scholarly · Crossref registry · 2025
Notes from the source article
Cited by Wikipedia
Notes from the source article
These works are cited by the source article, in its own numbering. They are recorded as its citations, not as sources VALÉORINE has verified.
- 1.Paul Bonnefon (1892). Œuvres complètes d'Estienne de La Boétie (Bordeaux: C. Gounouilhou, and Paris: J. Rouam et Cie.), pp. 385–386 (available online in pdf format at Gallica).
- 2.Keohane, Nannerl O. The Radical Humanism of Étienne De La Boétie. Journal of the History of Ideas. 38. 1. 119–130. 1977. 10.2307/2708844.
- 3.Kurz, Harry. Montaigne and La Boétie in the Chapter on Friendship. PMLA. 65. 4. 483–530. 1950. 10.2307/459652.
- 4.Mazzocchi, Paul. Desire, Friendship, and the Politics of Refusal: The Utopian Afterlives of La Boétie's Discourse on Voluntary Servitude. Utopian Studies. 29. 2. 248–266. 2018. 10.5325/utopianstudies.29.2.0248.
- 5.Murray Rothbard. "Ending Tyranny Without Violence".
- 6.Zagorin, Perez. How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West. Princeton University Press. 2013. 978-1306142809.
- 7.Aldrich, Robert. Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II. Psychology Press. 2001. 978-0415159821.
- 8.Rockwell, Lew (11 February 2011), p. 38. n. 2. "Having remained long in manuscript, the actual date of writing the Discourse of Voluntary Servitude remains a matter of dispute. It seems clear, however, and has been so accepted by recent authorities, that Montaigne's published story that La Boétie wrote the Discourse at the age of eighteen or even of sixteen was incorrect. Montaigne's statement, as we shall see further below, was probably part of his later campaign to guard his dead friend's reputation by dissociating him from the revolutionary Huguenots who were claiming La Boétie's pamphlet for their own. Extreme youth tended to cast the Discourse in the light of a work so youthful that the radical content was hardly to be taken seriously as the views of the author. Internal evidence as well as the erudition expressed in the work make it likely that the Discourse was written in 1552 or 1553, at the age of twenty-two, while La Boétie was at the university." See Paul Bonnefon (1892), pp. 390–391; and Donald Frame, Montaigne: A Biography (New York: Harcourt Brace, & World, 1965), p. 71 (37–38 n. 2).
- 9.Roland Bleiker (2000), Popular Dissent. Human Agency and Global Politics. Cambridge University Press, (pp. 86–87).
- 10.John Holloway. Crack Capitalism. Pluto Press (2010). p. 6. .
Bibliography printed in the source article · 9
- Œuvres complètes, Editions William Blake & Co., 1991. .
- Discours de la servitude volontaire, Editions Mille et une nuits, 1997. .
- Discours de la servitude volontaire, Editions Flammarion, 1993. .
- The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude, translated by Harry Kurz and with an introduction by Murray Rothbard, Montrèal/New York/London: Black Rose Books, 1997. .
- The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude, translated by Harry Kurz and with an introduction by Murray Rothbard, Free Life Editions, 1975. .
- Keohane, Nannerl O. (1977). 'The Radical Humanism of Étienne de la Boétie', Journal of the History of Ideas. 38:119–130.
- Lablénie, Edmond (1930). 'L'Énigme de la "Servitude Volontaire"', Revue du seizième siècle. 17:203–227 [French].
- Podoksik, Efraim (2003). 'Estienne de La Boëtie and the Politics of Obedience', Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance. LXV(1): 83–95.
- Presley, Sharon. La Boétie, Étienne de (1530–1563). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Sage/Cato Institute. 277. 2008. 978-1412965804.
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scholarly publication
1. Étienne de La Boétie: The Paradox of Voluntary Subjection, Constituent Power in Early Modern Political Philosophy, 2025Crossref registry
Institutional witnessreference work
Wikidata, structured authority record Q290227: Étienne de La BoétieWikimedia Foundation
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Studied at
1- University of OrléansOrganisation
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Elsewhere in Books
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